Antibody libraries with maximized antibody developability characteristics

ABSTRACT

Antibody libraries comprising a plurality of heavy chain variable domains and/or a plurality of light chain variable domains, which comprise complementary determining regions (CDRs) found in naturally-occurring human antibodies, and methods of making such antibody libraries. The antibody libraries are free of members that comprise one or more liabilities affecting one or more features of such members. Further, the antibody libraries comprise members having heavy chain and/or light chain CDRs not found in the same naturally-occurring human antibody.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of, and claims the benefit of and priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/505,358, filed on Jul. 8, 2019, which claims the benefit of, and priority to, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/822,671, filed on Mar. 22, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/695,065, filed on Jul. 8, 2018, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated by reference herein.

REFERENCE TO SUBMISSION OF A SEQUENCE LISTING AS AN ASCII TEXT FILE

This application includes a Sequence Listing as a text file named “S2061.70000US02_SequenceListing” created on Jul. 31, 2019 and containing 116,415 bytes. The material contained in this text file is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There are currently three recombinant antibody platforms used to generate human antibodies for human therapeutic use: (1) the “humanization” of murine monoclonal antibodies; (2) the immunization of transgenic mice containing human antibody genes; and (3) in vitro selection from vast human antibody libraries. Immunization approaches depend upon the occurrence of appropriate in vivo immune responses, and may not yield antibodies with desired characteristics. In contrast, in vitro selection has the advantage that antibodies with specific properties can be directly selected, and once selected, can be easily improved in terms of affinity or specificity.

In general, there are two types of antibody libraries: synthetic and natural antibody libraries. Synthetic antibody libraries can be constructed by introducing randomized complementarity determining region (CDR) sequences into antibody frameworks. Such antibody libraries can have vast potential genetic diversity and improved expression via selection of well-behaved frameworks. However, synthetic antibody libraries also include many non-functional antibody members and exclude much natural diversity due to the formulaic manner used to generate diversity within a restricted set of framework scaffolds. Antibody libraries created from natural sources, known as natural antibody libraries, have the advantage that the rearranged V genes undergo quality control in the B cell, and consequently a far higher proportion of the V genes are biologically functional, even if the potential diversity is lower. Disadvantages include the challenges of obtaining large numbers of B-cells to increase diversity, and the poor expression and biophysical properties of some antibodies expressed recombinantly in E. coli, yeast or mammalian cells.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Provided herein are antibody libraries that comprise diversified heavy chain variable domains (VH) and/or light chain variable domains (VL), which comprise complementary determining regions (CDRs) obtained from naturally-occurring antibodies (e.g., naturally-occurring human antibodies or naturally-occurring camelid antibodies). Optionally, any of the VH CDRs and/or VL CDRs excludes at least members carrying one or more liabilities that affect one or more features of an antibody carrying such. Such antibody libraries, comprising CDRs from natural antibodies such as human antibodies, would have a high number of functional members and reflect natural diversity of human antibodies. Excluding members carrying one or more liabilities as described herein would enhance the percentage of members having desired properties, for example, high yield when produced by recombinant technology, high stability, reduced aggregation capacity, reduced liabilities as described below etc. Thus, the antibody libraries described herein would maximize antibody developability characteristics.

Accordingly, one aspect of the present disclosure features an antibody heavy chain library, comprising a plurality of nucleic acids or a plurality of genetic packages comprising the nucleic acids. The plurality of nucleic acids encode a population of antibody heavy chain variable domains, which collectively (in combination) comprise a population of heavy chain CDR1s, a population of heavy chain CDR2s, and/or a population of heavy chain CDR3s located at the CDR1 region, the CDR2 region, and the CDR3 region of a common antibody heavy chain variable domain gene. The heavy chain CDR1s, CDR2s, and/or CDR3s may be derived from naturally-occurring antibodies of a mammalian species, for example, human or camelid. In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acids encode a population of antibody heavy chain variable domains (e.g., human antibody heavy chain variable domains), which collectively (in combination) comprise a population of heavy chain CDR1s, a population of heavy chain CDR2s, and a population of heavy chain CDR3s.

In some embodiments, the common antibody heavy chain variable domain gene may be a human antibody heavy chain variable domain gene. Examples include VH1-24, VH2-70, VH3-7, VH4-30-4, VH5-51, VH1-18, VH1-69, VH3-23, VH5-10-1, VH3-9, or VH3-11. In some instances, the human antibody heavy chain variable region gene may be derived from a therapeutic antibody, for example, abrilumab, mepolizumab, crenezumab, necitumumab, anifrolumab, evoculumab, abituzumab, adalimumab, alemtuzumab, alirocumab, bapineuzumab, benralizumab, brodalumab, canakinumab, certolizumab, clazakizumab, dacetuzumab, daclizumab, daratumumab, eculizumab, efalizumab, elotuzumab, epratuzumab, farletuzumab, fasinumab, ficlatuzumab, fletikumab, fresolimumab, fulranumab, gevokizumab, ibalizumab, lintuzumab, matuzumab, mavrilimumab, mogamulizumab, motavizumab, natalizumab, nivolumab, obinutuzumab, ofatumumab, olokizumab, omalizumab, onartuzumab, otelixizumab, otlertuzumab, palivizumab, panitumumab, panobacumab, pertuzumab, pinatuzumab, polatuzumab, radretumab, ramucirumab, reslizumab, romosozumab, sarilumab, secukinumab, sifalimumab, tabalumab, tigatuzumab, tildrakizumab, tocilizumab, tovetumab, trastuzumab, vedolizumab, veltuzumab, zalutumumab, or zanolimumab.

In some embodiments, the population of heavy chain CDR1s, the population of heavy chain CDR2s, and/or the population of heavy chain CDR3s can be free (e.g., substantially free) of members comprising one or more of the following liabilities:

-   -   (i) a glycosylation site (e.g., comprising the motif NXS, NXT,         or NXC, in which X represents any naturally-occurring amino acid         residue except for proline),     -   (ii) a deamidation site (e.g., comprising the motif of NG, NS,         NT, NN, NA, NH, ND, GNF, GNY, GNT, or GNG),     -   (iii) an isomerization site (e.g., comprising the motif of DT,         DH, DS, DG, or DD),     -   (iv) an unpaired cysteine,     -   (v) net charge greater than 1 (e.g., in LCDR1-2 and/or HCDR1-2),     -   (vi) a tripeptide motif containing at least two aromatic         residues (e.g., HYF or HWH), which may affect viscosity;     -   (vii) a motif that promotes aggregation (e.g., comprising the         motif of FHW);     -   (viii) a polyspecificity site (e.g., GG, GGG, RR, VG, W, WV, WW,         WWW, YY, or WXW, X referring to any amino acid residue),     -   (ix) a protease sensitive site (e.g., comprising the motif DX,         in which X can be P, G, S, V, Y, F, Q, K, L, or D),     -   (x) an integrin binding site (e.g., comprising the motif RGD,         LDV, or KGD),     -   (xi) a lysine glycation site such as a lysine glycation site         (e.g., KE, EK, or ED),     -   (xii) a metal catalyzed fragmentation site (e.g., comprises the         motif of HS, SH, KT, HXS, or SXH, in which X represents any         amino acid residue),     -   (xiii) a polyspecificity aggregation site (e.g., the motif of         X₁X₂X₃, wherein each of X₁, X₂, and X₃ independently is F, I, L,         V, W, or Y), and/or     -   (xiv) a streptavidin binding motif of (e.g., comprises the motif         HPQ, EPDW (SEQ ID NO: 117), PWXWL (SEQ ID NO: 118), in which X         represents any amino acid residue, GDWVFI (SEQ ID NO: 119), or         PWPWLG (SEQ ID NO: 120)).

Alternatively, or in addition, the population of heavy chain CDR1s, the population of heavy chain CDR2s, and/or the population of heavy chain CDR3s in the antibody library described herein is free of non-functional members.

In some embodiments, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody heavy chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising at least two of (i)-(xiv). In some examples, at least the population of antibody heavy chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody heavy chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising (i)-(ix), and optionally free of members comprising one or more of (x)-(xiv).

In some embodiments, the antibody library described herein comprise a population of heavy chain CDR1s and/or a population of heavy chain CDR2s that is free of members comprising one or more of (i)-(xiv), and a population of heavy chain CDR3s is derived from naturally-occurring human antibodies (without removal of one or more the liability (i)-(xiv) disclosed herein), for example, derived from human B lymphocytes or precursor cells thereof.

In some instances, members of the antibody library described herein comprise heavy chain CDR1, heavy chain CDR2, and/or heavy chain CDR3 that are not from the same naturally-occurring antibody. For examples, at least 50% of the members in the antibody library do not comprise heavy chain CDR1, heavy chain CDR2, and/or heavy chain CDR3 that are from the same naturally-occurring antibody.

In another aspect, the instant disclosure provides an antibody light chain library, comprising a plurality of nucleic acids or a plurality of genetic packages comprising the nucleic acids. The plurality of nucleic acids encode a population of antibody light chain variable domains (e.g., human antibody light chain variable domains), which collectively (in combination) comprise a population of light chain CDR1s, a population of light chain CDR2s, and/or a population of light chain CDR3s located at the CDR1 region, the CDR2 region, and the CDR3 region of a common antibody light chain variable domain gene (e.g., a human antibody light chain variable domain gene). The light chain CDR1s, CDR2s, and CDR3s, and optionally the common light chain variable domain gene may be derived from naturally-occurring antibodies of the same mammal species, for example, human. In some embodiments, the population of human antibody light chain variable domains collectively comprises a population of light chain CDR1s, a population of light chain CDR2s, and a population of light chain CDR3s. In some embodiments, the population of light chain CDR1s, the population of light chain CDR2s, and/or the population of light chain CDR3s is free of members comprising one or more of the liabilities described herein (e.g., (i)-(xiv) described herein).

In some embodiments, the antibody light chain library described herein may comprise members having light chain CDR1, light chain CDR2, and/or light chain CDR3 that are not from the same naturally-occurring antibody. For example, at least 50% of the members in the antibody light chain library do not comprise light chain CDR1, light chain CDR2, and/or light chain CDR3 that are from the same naturally-occurring antibody.

In some embodiments, the common antibody light chain variable domain gene used in the antibody light chain library may be a human antibody light chain variable domain gene. Examples include K1-12, K4-1, K2D-29, K3-11, K3-20, or L2-14. In some instances, the human antibody heavy chain variable region gene is derived from a therapeutic antibody such as those described herein.

Also provided herein is an antibody library that comprises (i) a first plurality of nucleic acids encoding the population of antibody heavy chain variable domains of the antibody heavy chain library described herein, and (ii) a second plurality of nucleic acids encoding the population of antibody light chain variable domains of the antibody light chain library described herein. Alternatively, the antibody library provided herein may comprise (i) a first plurality of nucleic acids encoding the population of antibody heavy chain variable domains of the antibody heavy chain library described herein, and (ii) a common light chain variable domain, which may be VK3-20.

Any of the antibody libraries disclosed herein may be of a suitable format, for example, a library of full-length antibodies, a library of antigen-binding fragments such as Fab fragments, a library of single-chain antibodies, or a library of single-domain antibodies (e.g., VHH antibodies). In some examples, the antibody library disclosed herein may be a human antibody library. In other examples, the antibody library disclosed herein may be a camelid VHH antibody library.

In another aspect, the present disclosure features a method for producing an antibody library, comprising:

-   -   providing (a) a first plurality of nucleic acids encoding a         population of naturally-occurring antibody heavy chain         complementary determining region 1 (CDR1) fragments, and/or (b)         a second plurality of nucleic acids encoding a population of         naturally-occurring antibody heavy chain complementary         determining region 2 (CDR2) fragments; and inserting the first         plurality of nucleic acids and/or the second plurality of         nucleic acids into the CDR1 region and/or the CDR2 region,         respectively, of an antibody heavy chain variable domain gene         (e.g., those described herein), thereby producing an antibody         library.

The method may further comprise:

-   -   providing a third plurality of nucleic acids encoding a         population of naturally-occurring heavy chain complementary         determining region 3 (CDR3) fragments, and     -   inserting the third plurality of nucleic acids into the CDR3         region of the heavy chain variable region gene.

The heavy chain CDR1 fragments, the heavy chain CDR2 fragments, and the heavy chain CDR3 fragments may be derived from naturally-occurring antibodies of a mammalian species as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 fragments can be derived from the same mammalian species. Optionally, the common heavy chain variable region gene may also be derived from the same mammalian species.

In some embodiments, the antibody library comprises members in each of which the heavy chain CDR1, the heavy chain CDR2, and/or the heavy chain CDR3 are not from the same naturally-occurring antibody. For example, at least 50% of the members in the antibody library do not contain heavy chain CDR1, the heavy chain CDR2, and/or the heavy chain CDR3 from the same naturally-occurring antibody.

In some embodiments, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody heavy chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising one or more of the liabilities described herein, e.g., (i)-(xiv) disclosed herein. For example, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody heavy chain CDR3 fragments may be free of members comprising at least two of (i)-(xiv). In some instances, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody heavy chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising any of (i)-(ix), optionally further free of one or more of (x)-(xiv).

In other embodiments, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR1 fragments and/or the population of antibody heavy chain CDR2 fragments is free of members comprising one or more of the liabilities described herein (e.g., at least two of (i) to (xiv) or all of (i) to (xiv)) and the population of human antibody heavy chain CDR3 fragments are from naturally-occurring human antibodies (e.g., derived from B cells), which may not have the one or more liabilities excluded.

In some embodiments, the first plurality of nucleic acids, the second plurality of nucleic acids, and/or the third plurality of nucleic acids is produced by a process comprising: (a) obtaining amino acid sequences of the heavy chain CDR1 regions, the heavy chain CDR2 regions, and/or the heavy chain CDR3 regions of a population of naturally-occurring antibodies (e.g., naturally-occurring human antibodies);

-   -   (b) excluding from (a) the heavy chain CDR1 amino acid         sequences, the heavy chain CDR2 amino acid sequences, and/or the         heavy chain CDR3 amino acid sequences that comprise one or more         of liabilities (i) to (xiv) to obtain liability-free heavy chain         CDR1 sequences, heavy chain CDR2 sequences, and/or heavy chain         CDR3 sequences; and     -   (c) synthesizing the first plurality of nucleic acids that         encode the liability-free heavy chain CDR1 regions, the second         plurality of nucleic acids that encode the liability-free heavy         chain CDR2 regions, and/or the third plurality of nucleic acids         that encode the liability-free heavy chain CDR3 regions.

In some instances, the process described above may further comprise (d) isolating functional members from the liability-free heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions. For example, the functional members of the liability-free heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 can be isolated by expressing antibodies comprising the liability-free heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions in host cells in a manner that the antibodies are displayed on surface of the host cells, isolating the antibodies that display on the host cells, show improved folding, and/or show reduced binding to polyspecificity reagents and identifying the CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions in the displayed antibodies, which are functional members of the liability-free heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions.

The method for producing an antibody library as described herein may further comprise:

-   -   (i) providing a fourth plurality of nucleic acids encoding a         population of naturally-occurring antibody light chain         complementary determining region 1 (CDR1) fragments, a fifth         plurality of nucleic acids encoding a population of         naturally-occurring antibody light chain complementary         determining region 2 (CDR2) fragments, and/or a sixth plurality         of nucleic acids encoding a population of naturally-occurring         human antibody light chain complementary determining region 3         (CDR3) fragments, and     -   (ii) inserting the fourth plurality of nucleic acids, the fifth         plurality of nucleic acids, and/or the sixth plurality of         nucleic acids into the CDR1 region, the CDR2 region, and the         CDR3 region, respectively, of an antibody light chain variable         domain gene (e.g., those described herein).

The light chain CDR1 fragments, the light chain CDR2 fragments, and the light chain CDR3 fragments may be derived from naturally-occurring antibodies of a mammalian species as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 fragments can be derived from the same mammalian species. Optionally, the common light chain variable region gene may also be derived from the same mammalian species.

The population of naturally-occurring antibody light chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody light chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody light chain CDR3 fragments may be free of members comprising one or more of the liabilities described herein (e.g., at least two or all of (i) to (xiv) described herein). The antibody library may comprise members, each of which comprises a light chain CDR1, a light chain CDR2, and/or a light chain CDR3 that are not found in the same naturally-occurring antibody. For example, at least 50% of the members in the antibody library comprise light chain CDR1, light chain CDR2, and/or light chain CDR3 that are not found in the same naturally-occurring antibody.

In some embodiments, the fourth plurality of nucleic acids, the fifth plurality of nucleic acids, and/or the sixth plurality of nucleic acids is produced by a process comprising:

-   -   (a) obtaining amino acid sequences of the light chain CDR1,         CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions of a population of naturally-occurring         antibodies (e.g., naturally-occurring human antibodies),     -   (b) excluding from (a) the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3         amino acid sequences that comprise one or more of (i) to (x) to         obtain liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3         sequences, and     -   (c) synthesizing the fourth plurality of nucleic acids, the         fifth plurality of the nucleic acids, and/or the sixth plurality         of nucleic acids that encode the liability-free light chain         CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions.

The above process may further comprise (d) isolating functional members from the liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions. For example, the functional members of the liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 are isolated by expressing antibodies comprising the liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions in host cells in a manner that the antibodies are displayed on surface of the host cells, isolating the antibodies that display on the host cells, show improved folding, and/or show reduced binding to polyspecificity reagents and identifying the CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions in the displayed antibodies, which are functional members of the liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions.

Further, the present disclosure features a method for making an antibody light chain library, the method comprising:

-   -   (i) providing a first plurality of nucleic acids encoding a         population of naturally-occurring antibody light chain         complementary determining region 1 (CDR1) fragments, a second         plurality of nucleic acids encoding a population of         naturally-occurring antibody light chain complementary         determining region 2 (CDR2) fragments, and/or a third plurality         of nucleic acids encoding a population of naturally-occurring         antibody light chain complementary determining region 3 (CDR3)         fragments, and     -   (ii) inserting the first plurality of nucleic acids, the second         plurality of nucleic acids, and/or the third plurality of         nucleic acids into the CDR1 region, the CDR2 region, and the         CDR3 region, respectively, of an antibody light chain variable         domain gene (e.g., those described herein).

The light chain CDR1 fragments, the light chain CDR2 fragments, and the light chain CDR3 fragments may be derived from naturally-occurring antibodies of a mammalian species as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 fragments can be derived from the same mammalian species. Optionally, the common light chain variable region gene may also be derived from the same mammalian species.

Also within the scope of the present disclosure are antibody libraries (e.g., antibody heavy chain libraries, antibody light chain libraries, or a combination thereof) produced by any of the methods described herein.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the description below. Other features or advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following drawings and detailed description of several embodiments, and also from the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The instant application contains at least one drawing executed in color.

FIG. 1 is a chart showing the percentages of therapeutic antibodies in Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical trials or approved therapeutic antibodies that are suitable or non-suitable for use as scaffold for antibody library construction. Suitable scaffolds for each of Phase 2, Phase 3, and Approved: 0-1 flags (left bar). Non-suitable scaffolds for each of Phase 2, Phase 3, and Approved: >2 flags (right bar).

FIG. 2 is a schematic showing the seven scaffolds developed from the VH and/or VL gene of a selected therapeutic antibody. Except for LCDR2, all CDRs are as described by IMGT. LCDR2 uses the Kabat description.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustrating an exemplary design of cloning LCDR1 (as an example) into a selected light chain scaffold. Exemplary vector nucleic acids and corresponding amino acids are shown. The nucleic acid sequences correspond to SEQ ID NO: 1 (top) and SEQ ID NO: 2 (bottom). The amino acid sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO: 3.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart describing an exemplary process of identifying unique CDRs and informatically removing CDRs based on liabilities, occurrence rate, and/or anomalous length.

FIG. 5 illustrates exemplary HCDR2 sequences comprising liabilities, such as deamidation sites, isomerization sites, glycosylation sites, or unpaired cysteine (highlighted). The first sequence of each column shows a graphical representation of a consensus sequence, which is followed by exemplary variant sequences. The depicted sequences in the “Deamidation column” correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 4-24 (top to bottom). The depicted sequences in the “Isomerization column” correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 25-45 (top to bottom). The depicted sequences in the “Glycosylation column” correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 46-66 (top to bottom). The depicted sequences in the “Unpaired Cysteine column” correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 67-87 (top to bottom).

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing presence of cysteine residues in heavy chain CDR3.

FIG. 7 shows presence of cysteine residues in heavy chain CDR3. Sequences correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 88-102 (from top to bottom).

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating paired cysteine residues in CDRs.

FIG. 9 includes graphs showing the presence of liabilities in heavy chain CDR1 (left panel) and CDR2 (right panel) regions before and after bioinformatic filtration.

FIG. 10 includes graphs showing the presence of liabilities in VK CDR1 (left panel) and CDR2 (right panel) regions before and after bioinformatic filtration.

FIG. 11 includes graphs showing the presence of liabilities in Vλ CDR1 (left panel) and CDR2 (right panel) before and after bioinformatic filtration.

FIG. 12 includes graphs showing the presence of liabilities in VK CDR3 (left panel) ad Vλ CDR3 (right panel) before and after bioinformatic filtration.

FIG. 13 includes a graph showing presence of liabilities in HC CDR3 before and after bioinformatic filtration.

FIG. 14 includes charts showing the percentage of CDRs in each library that are excluded at different abundance threshold. Single thread of 4 reads is used across different libraries to exclude CDRs that arise by sequencing error.

FIG. 15 includes a chart showing the number of CDRs remaining for all pooled CDRs except heavy chain CDR3 after exclusion at different threshold reads.

FIG. 16 includes graphs showing the length distribution of CDRs in Library 1 (using scaffold derived from abrilumab). The germline length for each CDR is indicated under each graph and the CDRs outside of the highlighted region are eliminated for anomalous length.

FIG. 17 includes graphs showing the length distribution of CDRs in Library 2 (using scaffold derived from mepolizumab). The germline length for each CDR is indicated under each graph and the CDRs outside of the highlighted region are eliminated for anomalous length.

FIG. 18 includes graphs showing the length distribution of CDRs in Library 3 (using scaffold derived from crenezumab). The germline length for each CDR is indicated under each graph and the CDRs outside of the highlighted region are eliminated for anomalous length.

FIG. 19 includes graphs showing the length distribution of CDRs in Library 4 (using scaffold derived from necitumumab). The germline length for each CDR is indicated under each graph and the CDRs outside of the highlighted region are eliminated for anomalous length.

FIG. 20 includes graphs showing the length distribution of CDRs in Library 5 (using scaffold derived from anifrolumab). The germline length for each CDR is indicated under each graph and the CDRs outside of the highlighted region are eliminated for anomalous length.

FIG. 21 includes graphs showing the length distribution of CDRs in Library 6 (using scaffold derived from evoculumab). The germline length for each CDR is indicated under each graph and the CDRs outside of the highlighted region are eliminated for anomalous length.

FIGS. 22A-22F includes graphs showing natural distribution (blue) and replicated natural designed distributions before (red) and after (green) filtering for well folded sequences. Data is shows for 6 different scaffolds/germlines at each of LCDR1-3 and HCDR1-2. The results are based on sequencing the libraries illustrated in FIG. 25B-G.

FIGS. 22G-22L includes cumulative plots for the diversity at each CDR position assessed for a natural distribution (natural library—blue), and replicated natural designed distributions before (red) and after (green) filtering for well folded sequences. The results are based on sequencing the libraries illustrated in FIG. 25B-25G.

FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary process for selecting for functional CDRs, for example, well folded LC CDR3s.

FIG. 24 is a diagram showing an exemplary process of inserting oligonucleotides encoding LC CDR1s into a yeast display vector. Nucleic acid sequences representing part of a yeast display vector to be cleaved with BsaI and SfiI correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 103-104 (from top to bottom). Sequences of the cleaved vector (middle) correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 105-108 (labeled from top to bottom then left to right). Sequences of the amplified LCDR1 oligo (middle) correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 109-112 (labeled top to bottom then left to right). Homologous recombination produces the amplified LCDR1 inserted into the yeast display vector (bottom), which corresponds to SEQ ID NOs: 113-116 (labeled top to bottom then left to right).

FIG. 25A is a diagram illustrating an exemplary process of isolating well expressed antibody CDRs by sorting yeast displaying single CDR loop libraries after cloning, using VK chains comprising functional KCDR1 as an example.

FIGS. 25B-25G illustrate the results of applying the exemplary process of isolating displayed single CDR loop libraries for each of the CDR (HCDR1-1, LCDR1-3) libraries displayed in yeast. The X axis indicates the level of antibody display, while the Y axis indicates the number of clones at each particular display level. For all histograms the display level of the clinical candidate is shown as a dotted blue line. For LCDR1-2 and HCDR1-2, fluorescence activated cell sorting was used to sort the most fluorescent 2% of yeast, corresponding to yeast displaying the most highly expressed antibodies. The display levels for the SV5 sorted (blue plot) and the most fluorescent 2% (red plot) are shown. For LCDR3, magnetic activated cell sorting was used to sort yeast displaying the most highly expressed antibodies. The transformed yeast clones (blue plot) are compared to the magnetic activated cell sorted yeast clones (red).

FIG. 26 is a diagram illustrating the pairing between a constant VH chain and VL chains with diversity in LC CDRs to select functional antibodies.

FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating pairing between a constant VL chain and VH chains with diversity in VH CDRs for selection of functional antibodies.

FIG. 28 is a diagram illustrating construction of an exemplary antibody library comprising VL chains having well-folded LC CDRs selected via yeast display and unmodified VH domains.

FIG. 29 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary process of amplifying and assembling VH and VL CDRs into a pre-selected VH or VL scaffold.

FIG. 30 is a diagram illustrating construction of an exemplary Fab antibody library via combining a library of VH domains and a library of VL domains.

FIG. 31 is a diagram illustrating construction of an exemplary scFv antibody library via combining a library of VH domains and a library of VL domains.

FIG. 32 is a flow plot of scFvs corresponding to the clinical candidates used as scaffolds compared to the corresponding libraries. The double peak for library 5 is thought to be due to the presence of a smaller truncated product, which was eliminated in the final phage display libraries.

FIG. 33 shows a western blot of libraries 1-3 with the pIII and the scFv-pIII bands indicated.

FIG. 34 shows binding of antibodies displayed on yeast binding to targets against which they were selected at different concentrations. Display on yeast followed two rounds of selection by phage display, and two rounds of yeast display. Library 1 and Library 2 represent two different libraries created using the same LCDR1-3 and HCDR1-2 diversity, and HCDR3 diversity from different donors.

FIG. 35 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary affinity maturation approach via VL shuffling.

FIG. 36 is a diagram illustrating further HC CDR1 and HC CDR2 shuffling, following the VL shuffling depicted in FIG. 32.

FIG. 37 includes diagrams showing clones binding to the indicated antigens at various concentrations (100 nM, 10 nM, lnm, or 0 nM) isolated from Library A or Library B.

FIGS. 38A-38C include diagrams showing isolation of high affinity antibodies (having binding affinity at the subnanomolar level) from the libraries disclosed herein.

FIG. 39 is a diagram showing isolation of antibodies with high binding affinity to additional antigens, PDGF, TGFBR2, and TGFBR3, from the libraries disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It is generally accepted that the larger or more diverse an antibody library, measured in terms of the number of different antibodies, the better the antibodies that can be selected from it. Griffiths et al., EMBOJ 13(14):3245-3260, 1994 and Perelson et al., J Theor Biol., 81(4):645-70, 1979. The diversity of most antibody libraries has been estimated by counting the number of transformants, assuming that each colony represents a different antibody.

It was generally assumed that the VH gene diversity was the same as the number of colonies obtained, e.g., ˜10⁸ for the library described in Sblattero et al., Nat Biotechnol., 18(1):75-80, 2000. However, next-generation sequencing (NGS) showed that the VH clonal diversity (unique HCDR3 amino acid sequences) was actually ˜30 fold lower (3×10⁶). D'Angelo et al., MAbs., 6(1):160-72, 2014. Notwithstanding this apparent low diversity, many antibodies have been selected from this library. See, e.g., Sblattero et al., Nat Biotechnol., 18(1):75-80, 2000; Glanville et al., Curr Opin Struct Biol., 33:146-60, 2015; Lou et al., Journal of immunological methods; 253(1-2):233-42, 2001; Kehoe et al., Mol Cell Proteomics, 5(12):2350-63, 2006; Ayriss et al., J Proteome Res. 6(3):1072-82, 2007; Velappan et al., Journal of immunological methods, 321(1-2):60-9, 2007; Lillo et al., PLoS One, 6(12):e27756, 2011; Ferrara et al., PLoS One, 7(11):e49535, 2012; Close et al., BMC Microbiol. 13:270, 2013; and Ferrara et al., MAbs, 7(1):32-41, 2015.

NGS sequencing of another natural antibody library showed an even lower measured VH diversity (2×10⁵), even though the number of donors used (654) was extremely high, and the estimated number of colonies was 3×10¹⁰. Glanville et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(48):20216-21, 2009. Further, Fantini et al. PLoS One. 12(5):e0177574, 2017 described three libraries with maximal diversities (numbers of colonies) 6-16×10⁶, and estimated NGS diversities of 3-9×10⁶.

While genetic diversity is essential, effective functional diversity is even more important: a high genetic diversity is of no utility if the encoded antibodies are non-functional and unable to fold properly. Indeed, a single amino acid change in an antibody can result in dramatic changes in expression levels and stability. Some publications have shown the superiority of natural antibody libraries over synthetic ones. Hugo et al., Protein Eng., 16(5):381-6, 2003; Wang et al., Proteins, 82(10):2620-30, 2014; and Chan et al., Journal of immunological methods, 373(1-2):79-88, 2011. Natural diversity has the advantage that it has been prescreened for functionality by the immune system. However, it has the disadvantage that some antibodies are poorly expressed and folded in in vitro display systems, and that diversity can be dominated by a small number of clones.

The present disclosure aims, at least in part, at constructing antibody libraries comprising natural diversity such that the members of the libraries would be prescreened by the immune system for functionality, while excluding members that contain potential liabilities, would be poorly expressed, aggregating and/or poorly folded in a common screening system (e.g., yeast display, phage display, or a folding reporter such as ß-lactamase; see, e.g., Saunders et al., Nat. Che Biol., 12:94-101; 1988; and D'Angelo et al., BMC genomics 12, suppl. 1, S1-S5; 2011; or green fluorescent protein; see e.g. Waldo, et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 17: 691-5; 1999; Cabantous, et al., PLoS ONE., 3:e2387; 2008; and Cabantous, et al., J Struct Funct Genomics, 6:113-9; 2005). The present disclosure thus features, in some embodiments, a method to create extremely diverse, highly functional antibody libraries by combining naturally occurring CDRs, including naturally occurring CDRs containing somatic mutations generated in vivo, within antibody scaffolds such that members of the antibody libraries are expected to be well expressed and/or folded, and lacking liabilities.

As used herein, the term “liability” refers to a motif in an antibody (e.g., located in a heavy chain or light chain CDR region) that would negatively affect one or more desired features of the antibody (e.g., stability, good expression in an expression or display system, proper folding, no or reduced aggregation, solubility, no or reduced integrin binding, no or reduced glycosylation, no or reduced deamidation, no or reduced isomerization, no unpaired cysteine, or no or reduced protease sensitivity, etc.). By virtue of being comprised of highly functional members, such an antibody library would be expected to be functionally much larger than libraries of similar genetic size, in which antibodies are present that contain any of these liabilities. In other words, the antibody libraries disclosed herein would have a much larger effective diversity.

I. Antibody Libraries and Methods of Construction

Provided herein are antibody libraries comprising the heavy chain and/or light chain CDR populations as described herein, wherein the heavy chain CDRs and/or light chain CDRs are inserted into a pre-selected heavy chain variable domain gene and/or a pre-selected light chain variable domain gene as also described herein, as well as methods of producing such antibody libraries. The heavy chain CDR1s, CDR2s, and/or CDR3s, and the pre-selected heavy chain variable domain may be of a mammalian species, for example, human, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, pig, or camelid such as camel or llama. In some instances, the heavy chain CDR1s, CDR2s, and CDR3s may be derived from antibodies of the same mammalian species (e.g., human or camelid). Optionally, the pre-selected heavy chain variable domain gene may be from the same mammalian species. Alternatively, the heavy chain CDR1s, CDR2s, and/or CDR3s, and optionally the pre-selected heavy chain variable domain gene may be derived from naturally-occurring antibodies of different mammalian species.

Similarly, the light chain CDR1s, CDR2s, and CDR3s, as well as the pre-selected light chain variable domain gene may be of a mammalian species such as those described herein. In some instances, the light chain CDR1s, CDR2s, and CDR3s may be derived from antibodies of the same mammalian species (e.g., human or camelid). Optionally, the pre-selected light chain variable domain gene may be from the same mammalian species. Alternatively, the light chain CDR1s, CDR2s, and/or CDR3s, and optionally the pre-selected light chain variable domain gene may be derived from naturally-occurring antibodies of different mammalian species.

In some embodiments, the heavy chain CDRs and the pre-selected variable domain gene, and the light chain CDRs and the pre-selected variable domain gene are all of the same mammal species, for example, human.

An antibody (interchangeably used in plural form) is an immunoglobulin molecule capable of specific binding to a target, such as a carbohydrate, polynucleotide, lipid, polypeptide, etc., through at least one antigen recognition site, located in the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule. As used herein, the term “antibody encompasses not only intact (e.g., full-length) antibodies, but also antigen-binding fragments thereof (such as Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fv), single-chain antibody (scFv), fusion proteins comprising an antibody portion, diabodies, nanobodies, single domain antibodies (also known as nanobodies, e.g., a V_(H) only antibody such as the VhH antibodies found in camelids), or multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies).

A typical antibody molecule comprises a heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) and a light chain variable region (V_(L)), which are usually involved in antigen binding. The V_(H) and V_(L) regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, also known as “complementarity determining regions” (“CDR”), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, which are known as “framework regions” (“FR”). Each V_(H) and V_(L) is typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The extent of the framework region and CDRs can be precisely identified using methodology known in the art, for example, by the Kabat definition, the Chothia definition, the AbM definition, and/or the contact definition, all of which are well known in the art. See, e.g., Kabat, E. A., et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242, Chothia et al., (1989) Nature 342:877; Chothia, C. et al. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917, Al-lazikani et al (1997) J. Molec. Biol. 273:927-948; and Almagro, J. Mol. Recognit. 17:132-143 (2004). See also hgmp.mrc.ac.uk and bioinf.org.uk/abs).

Single-domain antibodies, also known as nanobodies, are also within the scope of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, a single-domain antibody contains only a heavy chain (VHH). Heavy chain only antibodies (HcAb) are naturally produced by camelids and sharks. The antigen binding portion of the HcAb is comprised of the VHH fragment. Vincke et al., Methods Mol Biol. 911:15-26 (2012).

The antibody libraries disclosed herein may contain a population of antibodies of any suitable format. In some embodiments, the antibody library discloses herein comprise a population of full-length antibodies, which may be of any suitable family (e.g., IgG, or IgA). In other embodiments, the antibody library disclosed herein comprise a population of antigen-binding fragments, for example Fab fragments. In yet other embodiments, the antibody library disclosed herein comprise a population of single-chain antibodies. Alternatively, the antibody library disclosed herein may comprise a population of single-domain antibodies such as VHH fragments.

Exemplary steps for constructing the antibody libraries described herein may include:

-   -   (1) Identifying suitable VH/VL pairs for use as variable gene         scaffolds;     -   (2) Generating vectors based on the scaffolds containing a         single insertion site for each CDR, the remaining CDRs may         remain unchanged;     -   (3) Identifying naturally occurring CDRs by analysis of a         database of naturally occurring antibody sequences (which may be         obtained from sequencing members of a natural antibody library);     -   (4) Eliminating from the database of naturally occurring CDR         sequences those sequences likely to encode liabilities;     -   (5) Synthesize the remaining set of CDRs as oligonucleotides;     -   (6) Inserting the CDRs at their appropriate sites within the         previously modified scaffolds, each scaffold containing CDRs at         only one site (e.g., the identified collection of HCDR1s is         inserted at the HCDR1 site of the modified scaffold).

In some embodiments, the CDRs (e.g., CDR1, CDR2, CDR3, or a combination thereof) identified as described herein may be experimentally screened or selected for good folding and/or expression and screened or selected against liabilities such as poor folding, poor expression, polyreactivity or aggregation. The selected CDRs may be inserted into complete V domains within the context of the scaffolds. The resultant complete V domains could be further screened and selected for good folding and/or expression, and/or screened and selected against liabilities such as poor folding or expression, polyreactivity or aggregation. The selected VH/VL complete scaffold pairs can be assembled and cloned into an appropriate display vector (e.g., phage or yeast) for screening of antibodies having desired binding specificity.

A. Selection of Heavy Chain and Light Chain Variable Domain Framework Scaffolds

In some embodiments, the heavy chain and/or light chain framework scaffolds used in constructing the antibody libraries described here may be derived from commercially available therapeutic antibodies (e.g., those whose marketing authorization has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration or/or the European Medicines Agency) or therapeutic antibodies that are currently in clinical trials, for example, in phase II or phase III trials. As used herein, a therapeutic antibody refers to the antibody molecule of an approved drug product (e.g., in the US, in EP, or in other jurisdictions such as CA or JP), or an antibody molecule that has been or is currently in a clinical trial in a suitable jurisdiction, for example, in the US or in Europe.

The germline heavy chain variable domain and light chain variable domain genes used in such therapeutic antibodies can be examined for features such as aggregation, hydrophobic interaction, polyspecificity, monomericity, level of expression in mammalian host cells (e.g., in HEK cells or CHO cells), Tm of its Fab form, and purification characteristics. See Table 1. Those having desired features, for example, high expression levels in mammalian cells (e.g., >50 mg/L in HEK cells), high Fab Tm (e.g., >64° C.), low slope for accelerated stability (e.g., <0.09), etc. can be selected as framework scaffolds for library constructions. Additional features and selection criterion are provided in Table 1, which shows as exemplary examples those therapeutic antibodies with the best properties, as well as three additional antibodies with poor therapeutic properties. This data is derived from Jain, T. et al. Biophysical properties of the clinical-stage antibody landscape. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114, 944-949, doi:10.1073/pnas.1616408114 (2017).

For each characteristic being evaluated, the worst 10% of the evaluated therapeutic antibodies can be assigned with a flag. See FIG. 1. In some instances, those therapeutic antibodies having less than 2 flags (e.g., having 1 flag or none) may be selected for use as the heavy chain and/or light chain framework scaffold.

In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable domain gene for use as the heavy chain framework scaffold can be VH1-24, VH2-70, VH3-7, VH4-30-4, VH5-51, VH1-18, VH1-69, VH3-23, VH5-10-1, VH3-9, or VH3-11. Alternatively, or in addition, the light chain variable domain gene for use as the light chain framework scaffold can be K1-12, K4-1, K2D-29, K3-11, K3-20, or L2-14. Such heavy chain and/or light chain framework scaffolds may be germline VH and/or VL genes. Alternatively, the heavy chain and/or light chain framework scaffolds may contain one or more mutations in one or more framework regions (e.g., FR1, FR2, FR3, or FR4) as compared with the germline gene counterpart. Such mutations may be present within the therapeutic antibody, or may be introduced to avoid specific liabilities, e.g., methionine oxidation, aggregation, integrin binding, glycosylation, deamidation, isomerization, unpaired cysteine, or protease sensitivity. In specific examples, the antibody library described herein uses the following VH and VL framework scaffold pairs: VH1-24/VK1-12, VH2-70/VK4-1, VH3-7/VK2D-29, VH4-30-4/VK3-11, VH5-51/VK3-20, or VH1-18/VL2-14.

In some specific examples, the VH and/or VL framework scaffolds used in the antibody library described herein are derived from abrilumab, mepolizumab, crenezumab, necitumumab, anifrolumab, or evoculumab, the characteristics of each of which are provided in Table 2. As used herein, “derived from” refers to the use of the VH and/or VL genes of any of these therapeutic antibodies, either with no modification, or with one or more mutations introduced into one or more of the framework regions, for example, up to 5 amino acid substitutions (e.g., up to 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino acid substitutions) in the VH gene (e.g., in one or more of the framework regions) and/or in the VL gene (e.g., in one or more of the framework regions).

In some instances, the mutations introduced into a germline VH and/or VL gene or introduced into the VH and/or VL gene of a reference therapeutic antibody (e.g., those listed in Table 2) may be conservative substitutions. As used herein, a “conservative amino acid substitution” refers to an amino acid substitution that does not alter the relative charge or size characteristics of the protein in which the amino acid substitution is made. Variants can be prepared according to methods for altering polypeptide sequence known to one of ordinary skill in the art such as are found in references which compile such methods, e.g. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook, et al., eds., Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989, or Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. M. Ausubel, et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Conservative substitutions of amino acids include substitutions made amongst amino acids within the following groups: (a) M, I, L, V; (b) F, Y, W; (c) K, R, H; (d) A, G; (e) S, T; (f) Q, N; and (g) E, D.

The amino acid sequences of exemplary VH and VL framework scaffolds are provided below (with CDRs that are modified indicated in boldface and mutations relative to parent therapeutic antibodies listed in Table 2 underlined):

Scaffold derived from abrilumab: • CDRs are bold and underlined • Mutations from the original antibody are italicized (all Jκ have been replaced for Jκ4). VL: (SEQ ID NO: 121) DIQMTQSPSSVSASVGDRVTITCRAS QGISSW LAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIY GA SNLES GVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFANYYC QQANSFPWT FGGGT KVEIK Linker: (SEQ ID NO: 122) SGGSTITSYNVYYTKLSSSGT VH: (SEQ ID NO: 123) QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKVS GYTLSDLS IHWVRQAPGKGLEWMGG F DPQDGET IYAQKFQGRVTMTEDTSTDTAYMELSSLKSEDTAVYYC ATGSSS SWFDP WGQGTLVTVSS

Scaffold derived from mepolizumab: VL: (SEQ ID NO: 124) DIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCKSS QSLLNSGNQKNY LAWYQQKPGQPPK LLIY GASTRES GVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVYYC QNVHSFPF T FGGGTKVEIK Linker: (SEQ ID NO: 125) SGGSTITSYNVYYTKLSSSGT VH: (SEQ ID NO: 126) QVTLRESGPALVKPTQTLTLTCTVS GFSLSAYS VNWIRQPPGKALEWLAM I WGDGK IVYNSALKSRLTISKDTSKNQVVLTMTNMDPVDTATYYC AGDGYYP YAMDN WGQGTLVTVSS Scaffold derived from crenezumab: VL: (SEQ ID NO: 127) DIVMTQSPLSLPVTPGEPASISCRSS QSLVYSNGDTY LHWYLQKPGQSPQL LIY KVSNRFS GVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYC SQSTHVPWT FGGGTKVEIK Linker: (SEQ ID NO: 128) SGGSTITSYNVYYTKLSSSGT VH: (SEQ ID NO: 129) EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAAS GFTFSSYG MSWVRQAPGKGLELVAS I NSNGGST YYPDSVKGRFTISRDNAKNSLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYC ASGDY W GQGTTVTVSS Scaffold derived from necitumumab: VL: (SEQ ID NO: 130) EIVMTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCRAS QSVSSY LAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIY DA SNRAT GIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYC HQYGSTPLT FGGGT KVEIK Linker: (SEQ ID NO: 131) SGGSTITSYNVYYTKLSSSGT VH: (SEQ ID NO: 132) QVQLQESGPGLVKPSQTLSLTCTVS GGSISSGDYY WSWIRQPPGKGLEWIG Y IYYSGST DYNPSLKSRVTMSVDTSKNQFSLKVNSVTAADTAVYYC ARVSI FGVGTFDY WGQGTLVTVSS Scaffold derived from anifrolumab: VL: (SEQ ID NO: 133) EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRAS QSVSSSF LAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIY G ASSRAT GIPDRLSGSGSGTDFTLTITRLEPEDFAVYYC QQYDSSAIT FGGG TKVEIK Linker: (SEQ ID NO: 134) SGGSTITSYNVYYTKLSSSGT VH: (SEQ ID NO: 135) EVQLVQSGAEVKKPGESLKISCKGS GYIFTNYW IAWVRQVPGKGLESMGI I YPGDSDI RYSPSFQGQVTISADKSITTAYLQWSSLKASDTAIYYC ARHDIE GFDY WGRGTLVTVSS

Scaffold derived from evolocumab: VL: (SEQ ID NO: 136) ESALTQPASVSGSPGQSITISCTGT SSDVGGYNS VSWYQQHPGKAPKLMIY EVSNRPS GVSNRFSGSKSGNTASLTISGLQAEDEADYYC NSYTSTSMV FGG GTKLTVL Linker: (SEQ ID NO: 137) SGGSTITSYNVYYTKLSSSGT VH: (SEQ ID NO: 138) EVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKAS GYTLTSYG ISWVRQAPGQGLEWMGW V SFYNGNTNYAQKLQGRGTMTTDPSTSTAYMELRSLRSDDTAVYYC ARGYGM DV WGQGTTVTVSS

Any of the VH and/or VL framework scaffolds described herein can be used to construct a cassette that allows for cloning of one or more of pluralities of nucleic acids each encoding a diverse population of a heavy chain CDR or a light chain CDR into the corresponding framework scaffold at the corresponding CDR position.

In some instances, restriction sites can be introduced into a heavy chain scaffold flanking the CDR1 region, the CDR2 region, or the CDR3 region for cloning a plurality of nucleic acids encoding a diverse population of heavy chain CDR1s, heavy chain CDR2s, or heavy chain CDR3s, respectively. In some instances, restriction sites can be introduced into a heavy chain framework scaffold flanking at least two or the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 (e.g., CDR1+CDR2, CDR1+CDR3, or CDR2+CDR3) for cloning a combination of the corresponding CDR regions into the framework scaffold. In one example, restriction sites can be introduced into a heavy chain framework scaffold flanking all of the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions for cloning diverse heavy chain CDR1s, CDR2s, and CDR3s at the corresponding locations.

In some instances, restriction sites can be introduced into a light chain scaffold flanking the CDR1 region, the CDR2 region, or the CDR3 region for cloning a plurality of nucleic acids encoding a diverse population of light chain CDR1s, heavy chain CDR2s, or heavy chain CDR3s, respectively. In some instances, restriction sites can be introduced into a light chain framework scaffold flanking at least two or the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 (e.g., CDR1+CDR2, CDR1+CDR3, or CDR2+CDR3) for cloning a combination of the corresponding CDR regions into the framework scaffold. In one example, restriction sites can be introduced into a light chain framework scaffold flanking all of the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions for cloning diverse light chain CDR1s, CDR2s, and CDR3s at the corresponding locations.

FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate an exemplary scheme for construction of cassettes for introducing heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, or CDR3 diversities into a heavy chain scaffold and/or cassette for introducing light chain CDR1, CDR2, or CDR3 diversities into a light chain scaffold.

The resultant cassettes can be located in a suitable expression vector for producing the encoded antibodies in a suitable expression, display or folding reporter system.

B. Heavy Chain and Light Chain CDR Populations

The heavy chain and/or light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 populations in the antibody libraries can be derived from naturally-occurring human antibodies. Such CDR sequences can be obtained by sequencing naturally-occurring antibodies (e.g., human antibodies) in existing natural antibody libraries and analyzing the heavy chain and light chain sequences thus obtained by conventional methods to identify heavy chain and/or light chain CDR sequences. Alternatively, or in addition, naturally-occurring antibody CDR sequences can be obtained by analyzing sequences of such antibodies in publicly available databases of naturally-occurring antibody sequences (e.g., human antibody sequences or camelid VHH antibody sequences), e.g., the NCBI database, the IMGT database, sequences from Jackson et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 324:26, 2007, and/or the sequences from Lee et al., Immunogenetics, 57:917, 2006, The Observed Antibody Space (antibodymap.org) described in Kovaltsuk, A. et al. Observed Antibody Space: A Resource for Data Mining Next-Generation Sequencing of Antibody Repertoires. Journal of Immunology, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1800708 (2018), and/or the iReceptor database (ireceptor.irmacs.sfu.ca) described in Corrie, B. D. et al. iReceptor: A platform for querying and analyzing antibody/B-cell and T-cell receptor repertoire data across federated repositories. Immunol Rev 284, 24-41, doi:10.1111/imr.12666 (2018), and/or the sequence database described in Briney, B. et al., Commonality despite exceptional diversity in the baseline human antibody repertoire. Nature, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0879-y (2019).

The extent of the framework region and CDRs can be precisely identified using methodology known in the art, for example, by the Kabat definition, the IMGT definition, the Chothia definition, the AbM definition, and/or the contact definition, all of which are well known in the art. See, e.g. Kabat, E. A., et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242, Chothia et al., (1989) Nature 342:877; Chothia, C. et al. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917, Al-lazikani et al (1997) J. Molec. Biol. 273:927-948; Lefranc, M. P. et al. IMGT unique numbering for immunoglobulin and T cell receptor variable domains and Ig superfamily V-like domains. Dev Comp Immunol 27, 55-77 (2003) and Almagro, J. Mol. Recognit. 17:132-143 (2004). See also hgmp.mrc.ac.uk, IMGT.org and bioinf.org.uk/abs.

The heavy chain and/or light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 sequences thus obtained may be further analyzed to remove those that comprise a liability, e.g., those listed in Table 4. In some instances, heavy chain and/or light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 sequences comprising one of the liabilities listed in Table 4 (e.g., a glycosylation site, a deamidation site, an isomerization site, an unpaired cysteine, a net charge greater than 1 (e.g., in LCDR1-2 and/or HC CDR1-2), a tripeptide motif containing at least two aromatic residues (which may affect viscosity), a motif that promotes aggregation, (viii) a polyspecificity site such as those containing a motif of GG, GGG, RR, VG, W, WV, WW, WWW, YY, or, WXW, in which X represents any amino acid residue; a protease sensitive site (fragmentation sensitive site), or an integrin binding site) and/or FIG. 5 (using HC CDR2 as an example) can be removed such that the resultant antibody library is free (substantially free or completely free) of members comprising the excluded liability.

Alternatively or in addition, potential glycation sites such as lysine glycation sites may be removed. A glycation site refers to a site in a protein molecule that can be linked to a sugar molecule via a nonenzymatic process. Exemplary glycation sites include, but are not limited to, KE, EK, and ED. Additional liabilities include metal catalyzed fragmentation site (e.g., HS, SH, KT, HXS, or SXH, in which X represents any amino acid residue), polyspecificity aggregation site (e.g., having a motif of X₁X₂X₃, in which each of X₁, X₂, and X₃ is independently F, I, L, V, W, or Y), and streptavidin binding motif (e.g., HPQ, EPDW (SEQ ID NO: 117), PWXWL (SEQ ID NO: 118), in which X represents any amino acid residue, GDWVFI (SEQ ID NO: 119), and PWPWLG (SEQ ID NO: 120)).

Substantially free means that the number of a heavy or light chain CDR comprising the liability is less than 20% in the library, e.g., less than 15% or less than 10%.

In some examples, heavy chain and/or light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 sequences comprising two or more (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more) of the liabilities noted above can be removed such that the resultant library is free of (substantially free of or completely free of) members comprising the excluded liabilities. In one example, heavy chain and/or light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 sequences comprising all of the liabilities listed in Table 4 can be removed such that the resultant library is free of (substantially free of or completely free of) members comprising any of the liabilities. Alternatively or in addition, heavy chain and/or light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 sequences comprising all of the liabilities listed in FIG. 5 can be removed such that the resultant library is free of (substantially free of or completely free of) members comprising any of the liabilities. In one specific example, heavy chain and/or light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 sequences comprising all of the liabilities disclosed herein can be removed such that the resultant library is free of (substantially free of or completely free of) members comprising any of the liabilities.

In some examples, heavy chain CDR1 and CDR2 sequences comprising one or more of liabilities, e.g., those listed in Table 4 and/or FIG. 5, can be removed, while heavy chain CDR3 sequences can be derived from naturally-occurring human antibodies without removal of members having the liabilities. Alternatively, heavy chain CDR3 sequences comprising one or more liabilities can also be removed. Alternatively, or in addition, light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences comprising one or more of liabilities, e.g., those listed in Table 4 and illustrated by way of example in FIG. 5, can be removed.

In some examples, heavy and/or light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 sequences having anomalous lengths can also be excluded. For example, light chain CDR1 and/or CDR2 having a length that is beyond the scope of germline length ±2-aa could be excluded. See FIGS. 16-21.

In some examples, heavy chain CDR1 and CDR2 members containing deamidation sites (e.g., NG, NS, NT, NN, GNF, GNY, GNT, GNG), isomerization sites (e.g., DG, DS, DD), aggregation site (FHW); motifs affecting viscosity (e.g., HYF and HWH), motifs indicating poor developability (e.g., net charge ≥+1 in LCDR1-2 and/or HCDR1-2), unpaired cysterine, polyspecificity site (e.g., GGG, RR, VG, VV, VVV, WW, WWW, YY, WXW, X referring to any amino acid residue, and GG), and glycosylation sites (e.g., NXS or NXT, in which X is any amino acid residue except for proline) can be excluded. In some examples, one or more of the following liabilities in heavy chain CDR1 and heavy chain CDR2 members can also be excluded: additional glycosylation sites (e.g., NXC, X being any amino acid residue except for proline), additional deamination sites (e.g., NA, NH, and/or ND), additional isomerization sites (e.g., DT and/or DH), lysine glycation sites (e.g., KE, EK, and ED), integrin binding sites (e.g., RGD, RYD, LDV, and KGD), protease sensitive sites (fragmentation site) (e.g., DP, DG, DS, DV, DY, DF, DQ, DK, DL, and DD), metal catalyzed fragmentation sites (e.g., HS, SH, KT, HXS, and SXH, in which X represents any amino acid residue), polyspecificity aggregatin sites (e.g., having a motif of X₁X₂X₃, in which each of X₁, X₂, and X₃ independently is F, I, L, V, W, or Y), and/or streptavidin binding sites (e.g., HPQ, EPDW (SEQ ID NO: 117), PWXWL (SEQ ID NO: 118), in which X represents any amino acid residue, GDWVFI (SEQ ID NO: 119), and PWPWLG (SEQ ID NO: 120)).

In some examples, the heavy chain CDR3 members having the one or more liabilities described herein can also be excluded. Alternatively, the heavy chain CDR3 members may include those derived from naturally-occurring antibodies directly without removal of the one or more liabilities described herein.

Alternatively or in addition, light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 members containing deamidation sites (e.g., NG, NS, NT, NN, GNF, GNY, GNT, GNG), isomerization sites (e.g., DG, DS, DD), aggregation site (FHW); motifs affecting viscosity (e.g., HYF and HWH), motifs indicating poor developability (e.g., net charge ≥+1 in LCDR1-2, HCDR1-2), unpaired cysterine, polyspecificity site (e.g., GGG, RR, VG, VV, VVV, WW, WWW, YY, WXW, X referring to any amino acid residue, and GG), and glycosylation sites (e.g., NXS or NXT, in which X is any amino acid residue except for proline) can be excluded. In some examples, one or more of the following liabilities in light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 members can also be excluded: additional glycosylation sites (e.g., NXC, X being any amino acid residue except for proline), additional deamidation sites (e.g., NA, NH, and/or ND), additional isomerization sites (e.g., DT and/or DH), lysine glycation sites (e.g., KE, EK, and ED), integrin binding sites (e.g., RGD, RYD, LDV, and KGD), protease sensitive sites (fragmentation site) (e.g., DP, DG, DS, DV, DY, DF, DQ, DK, DL, and DD), metal catalyzed fragmentation sites (e.g., HS, SH, KT, HXS, and SXH, in which X represents any amino acid residue), polyspecificity aggregatin sites (e.g., having a motif of X₁X₂X₃, wherein each of X₁, X₂, and X₃ independently is F, I, L, V, W, or Y), and/or streptavidin binding sites (e.g., HPQ, EPDW (SEQ ID NO: 117), PWXWL (SEQ ID NO: 118), in which X represents any amino acid residue, GDWVFI (SEQ ID NO: 119), and PWPWLG (SEQ ID NO: 120)).

In some examples, the one or more liabilities described herein may be excluded from all of the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 members.

The resultant heavy chain and/or light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 sequences obtained from naturally-occurring antibodies, either excluding sequences comprising one or more liabilities or maintaining all sequences, can be used as templates to synthesis nucleic acids encoding, and replicating, the CDR sequences. Such nucleic acids can be inserted into the corresponding CDR position in the VH and/or VL scaffolds disclosed herein, and are termed “replicated natural CDRs”.

When desired, expression vectors carrying the VH and/or VL scaffolds with one or more heavy chain and or light chain CDRs inserted can be introduced into a suitable expression/display system for isolating functional members. Functional members include those having one or more superior features, for example, good expression and display in a suitable display system, improved folding, reduced aggregation or polyreactivity, and/or greater Tm. Such functional members can be identified by collecting host cells displaying antibodies produced from the expression vectors, and sequencing the corresponding heavy and/or light chain CDR sequences encoded by the expression vectors in the collected host cells.

For example, an initial antibody library may also be sorted for yeast displaying antibodies that have been stained with conformational probes that detect correct antibody folding. Traxlmayr et al., Arch Biochem Biophys. 526(2):174-80, 2012. Examples of such conformational probes include protein A (Hillson et al., The Journal of experimental medicine. 178(1):331-6, 1993; Akerstrom et al., 1994; J. Imm Methods, 177(1-2):151-63, 1994; and Roben et al., J. Immunology 154(12):6437-45, 1995) or protein L (Charbit et al., Gene, 70(1):181-9, 1988; Graille et al., Structure, 9(8):679-87, 2001; and Enever et al., Journal of molecular biology, 347(1):107-20, 2005), that are able to bind to VH3 and VK domains respectively, and derivatives of indole 3-butyric acid (Alves et al., Langmuir, 28(25):9640-8, 2012; Alves et al., Anal Chem., 84(18):7721-8, 2012; Alves et al., Bioconjug Chem., 25(7):1198-202, 2014; and Mustafaoglu et al., Biotechnol Bioeng., 112(7):1327-34, 2015) that binds to the “nucleotide binding site” found in all antibodies (Rajagopalan et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93(12):6019-24, 1993).

The previous use of conformational probes has been shown to predict high expression and thermostability (Traxlmayr et al., 2012; Shusta et al., J Mol Biol. 292(5):949-56, 1999; Traxlmayr et al., Biochim Biophys Acta., 1824(4):542-9, 2012; Traxlmayr et al., Protein Eng Des Sel., 26(4):255-65, 2013; and Hasenhindl et al., Protein Eng Des Sel., 26(10):675-82, 2013) in yeast display. This approach selects for antibody fragments that are well expressed and well folded. Rather than positive selection for good display, each individual CDR library can be depleted of CDRs that contain liabilities. For example, adapting screens used for antibody screening (Yang et al., MAbs., 5(5):787-94, 2013; Kelly et al., MAbs, 7(4):770-7, 2015; Kohli et al., MAbs. 7(4):752-8, 2015; Obrezanova et al., MAbs., 7(2):352-63, 2015; Wu et al, Protein Eng Des Sel., 28(10):403-14, 2015; Yang et al., MAbs., 9(4):646-53, 2017; Xu et al., Protein Eng Des Sel., 26(10):663-70, 2013; and Kelly et al., MAbs., 9(7):1036-40, 2017) to yeast display sorting, and isolating those yeast displaying antibodies that correspond to the more “developable” phenotype selects for suitable CDRs that can then be combined to create highly functional libraries.

Examples of such selections include polyspecificity reagents, heparin or chaperones and only retaining those antibodies that do not bind such substances. Further stability increases can be generated by applying a heat shock step (Traxlmayr et al., 2012; Shusta et al., J Mol Biol. 292(5):949-56, 1999; Traxlmayr et al., Biochim Biophys Acta., 1824(4):542-9, 2012; Traxlmayr et al., Protein Eng Des Sel., 26(4):255-65, 2013; and Hasenhindl et al., Protein Eng Des Sel., 26(10):675-82, 2013). See also FIG. 23.

The sequences encoding functional members of the heavy and/or light CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 can be used as templates for synthesizing nucleic acids coding for such functional members, or used directly. The resultant nucleic acids can then be inserted into the VH and/or VL scaffold as described herein to produce antibody libraries as also described herein. In some embodiments, the antibody library disclosed herein is substantially free of non-functional members, e.g., having less than 10% (e.g., less than 8%, less than 5%, less than 3%, less than 1%, or lower) non-functional members.

C. Antibody Libraries

The antibody libraries described herein may comprise a plurality of nucleic acids encoding a plurality of antibody heavy chain and/or antibody light chain variable domains, which collectively comprise a common VH and/or VL framework scaffold (e.g., those described herein) with a diverse population of heavy or light chain CDR1s, a diverse population of heavy or light chain CDR2s, and/or a diverse population of heavy or light chain CDRs inserted at the corresponding CDR positions.

In some embodiments, the antibody library described herein is a heavy chain library comprising a plurality of nucleic acids encoding a plurality of antibody heavy chain variable domains. In some examples, the heavy chain library may comprise at least 10² diversity of heavy chain CDR1s (having at least 10² unique heavy chain CDR1 sequences), for example, at least 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵ diversity or at least 10⁶ diversity. Alternatively, or in addition, the heavy chain library may comprise at least 10² diversity of heavy chain CDR2s (having at least 10² unique heavy chain CDR2 sequences), for example, at least 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵ diversity or at least 10⁶ diversity. In other examples, the heavy chain library may comprise at least 10² diversity of heavy chain CDR3s (having at least 10² unique heavy chain CDR3 sequences), for example, at least 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵ diversity, at least 10⁶ diversity, at least 10⁷ diversity, or at least 10⁸ diversity.

In some examples, the heavy chain library may comprise diversity only in the heavy chain CDR1s, the heavy chain CDR2s, or the heavy chain CDR3s. In other examples, the heavy chain library may comprise diversity in at least two of the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions (e.g., CDR1+CDR2, CDR1+CDR3, or CDR2+CDR3). In one specific example, the heavy chain library comprises diversity in all of the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions.

In some embodiments, the heavy chain library is a secondary library generated for affinity maturation of a pre-selected antibody (the parent antibody) with binding activity to a target antigen. Such a secondary library may comprise diversity in one or two of the heavy chain CDR regions, while keeping the other CDR sequence(s) of the parent antibody. For example, the secondary library may comprise the same heavy CDR1 and CDR2 sequences as the parent antibody, and a diverse population of heavy chain CDR3 sequences. Alternatively, the secondary library may comprise the same heavy CDR3 sequence as the parent antibody and a diverse population of heavy chain CDR1 and/or CDR2 sequences.

Any of the heavy chain libraries disclosed herein may be paired with a common light chain variable region. Alternatively, it may be paired with any of the light chain antibody libraries as also described herein.

Also provided herein are antibody light chain libraries that comprise a plurality of nucleic acids encoding a plurality of antibody light chain variable domains. In some examples, the light chain library may comprise at least 10² diversity of light chain CDR1s (having at least 10² unique light chain CDR1 sequences), for example, at least 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵ diversity or at least 10⁶ diversity. Alternatively, or in addition, the light chain library may comprise at least 10² diversity of light chain CDR2s (having at least 10² unique light chain CDR2 sequences), for example, at least 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵ diversity or at least 10⁶ diversity. In other examples, the light chain library may comprise at least 10² diversity of light chain CDR3s (having at least 10² unique light chain CDR3 sequences), for example, at least 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵ diversity, at least 10⁶ diversity, at least 10⁷ diversity, or at least 10⁸ diversity.

In some examples, the light chain library may comprise diversity only in the light chain CDR1s, the light chain CDR2s, or the light chain CDR3s. In other examples, the light chain library may comprise diversity in at least two of the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions (e.g., CDR1+CDR2, CDR1+CDR3, or CDR2+CDR3). In one specific example, the light chain library comprises diversity in all of the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 regions.

In some embodiments, the light chain library is a secondary library generated for affinity maturation of a pre-selected antibody (the parent antibody) with binding activity to a target antigen. Such a secondary library may comprise diversity in one or two of the light chain CDR regions, while keeping the other CDR sequence(s) of the parent antibody. For example, the secondary library may comprise the same light CDR1 and CDR2 sequences as the parent antibody, and a diverse population of light chain CDR3 sequences. Alternatively, the secondary library may comprise the same light CDR3 sequence as the parent antibody and a diverse population of light chain CDR1 and/or CDR2 sequences.

As illustrated in FIG. 35 and FIG. 36, a secondary library may be generated via VL shuffling and/or VH CDR1 and/or CDR2 shuffling.

Any of the light chain libraries disclosed herein may be paired with a common heavy chain variable region. See, e.g., FIG. 26. Alternatively, it may be paired with any of the heavy chain antibody libraries as also described herein. See, e.g., FIG. 27.

II. Antibody Library Screening

Any of the antibody libraries described herein may be used to screen for antibodies having binding specificity to an antigen of interest. Antibodies encoded by the nucleic acids in the library can be expressed and displayed using a suitable expressing/display system, for example, a cell-free display system (e.g., ribosome display), a phage display system, a prokaryotic cell-based display system (e.g., bacterial display), or a eukaryotic cell-based display system (e.g., yeast display or mammalian cell display). In certain embodiments, the antibody libraries are expressed and displayed on yeast cells. In other embodiments, the antibody libraries are expressed and displayed on phage particles (phage display). In other embodiments two or more display systems are used, e.g. phage display followed by yeast display.

The library of antibodies may be expressed/displayed in a suitable system, e.g., those described herein, in any format. Examples include intact antibodies (full-length antibodies), antigen-binding fragments thereof (e.g., Fab), or single chain antibodies (scFv).

Phage display is a protein display format using bacteriophages (e.g., phage f1, fd, and M13). In this system, at least one antibody chain (e.g., the heavy chain and/or the light chain) is typically covalently linked to a bacteriophage coat protein, for example, a gene III protein, a gene VIII protein, or a major coat protein (see, e.g., WO 00/71694). Phage display is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409; Smith (1985) Science 228:1315-1317; WO 92/18619; WO 91/17271; WO 92/20791; WO 92/15679; WO 93/01288; WO 92/01047; WO 92/09690; WO 90/02809; de Haard et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem 274:18218-30; Hoogenboom et al. (1998) Immunotechnology 4:1-20; Hoogenboom et al. (2000) Immunol Today 2:371-8; Fuchs et al. (1991) Bio/Technology 9:1370-1372; Hay et al. (1992) Hum Antibod Hybridomas 3:81-85; Huse et al. (1989) Science 246:1275-1281; Griffiths et al. (1993) EMBO J 12:725-734; Hawkins et al. (1992) J Mol Biol 226:889-896; Clackson et al. (1991) Nature 352:624-628; Gram et al. (1992) PNAS 89:3576-3580; Garrard et al. (1991) Bio/Technology 9:1373-1377; and Hoogenboom et al. (1991) Nuc Acid Res 19:4133-4137.

Bacteriophage displaying the protein component can be grown and harvested using standard phage preparatory methods, e.g., PEG precipitation from growth media. After selection of individual display phages, the nucleic acid encoding the selected protein components can be isolated from cells infected with the selected phages or from the phage themselves, after amplification. Individual colonies or plaques can be picked, the nucleic acid isolated and sequenced.

In other embodiments, a eukaryotic expression/display system, e.g., yeast cells or mammalian cells, can be used for expressing and displaying the library of antibodies as described herein. Yeast display is a protein display format, in which a protein component (e.g., an antibody component) is linked to a yeast cell wall protein (e.g., Aga1p or Aga2p) directly or indirectly. In some instances, one chain of an antibody can be covalently fused to the yeast cell wall protein for direct display. In other instances, the association between an antibody component and a yeast cell wall component can be mediated by an intermediate agent. Yeast display is described in, e.g., Cho et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 220(1-2):179-188, 1998; Boder et al., Methods Enzymol. 192(2):243-248, 2000; van den Beucken et al., FEBS Lett 546(2-3):288-294, 2003; and Boder et al., Arch Biochem Biophys 526(2):99-106, 2012.

To screen an antibody library as described herein for isolating antibodies capable of binding to a target antigen, the library of antibodies can be in contact with the target antigen under suitable conditions allowing for antibody-antigen binding. Phage particles or host cells displaying antibodies binding to the target antigen can be isolated, for example, by retention or a support member on which the target antigen is immobilized, amplified if needed, and the nucleic acids coding for the displayed antibodies can be determined. The screening process can be repeated multiple time, and display systems can be used in combination. When needed different antigens can be used for selecting antibody members having desired binding specificity or for negative selection to exclude antibody members having binding activity to a non-target antigen.

The screening of the antibodies derived from the libraries described herein can be carried out by any appropriate means. For example, binding activity can be evaluated by standard immunoassay and/or affinity chromatography. Determining the ability of candidate antibodies to bind therapeutic targets can be assayed in vitro using, e.g., a BIACORE™ instrument, which measures binding rates of an antibody to a given target antigen based on surface plasmon resonance. In vivo assays can be conducted using any of a number of animal models and then subsequently tested, as appropriate, in humans. Cell-based biological assays are also contemplated.

A lead antibody identified from antibody library screening may be subject to affinity maturation as described herein. A secondary library resulting from affinity maturation may be screened for binders having desired features, e.g., high binding affinity and/or binding specificity, following routine practice and/or disclosures provided herein.

General Techniques

The practice of the present disclosure will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology (including recombinant techniques), microbiology, cell biology, biochemistry, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature, such as Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, second edition (Sambrook, et al., 1989) Cold Spring Harbor Press; Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait, ed. 1984); Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press; Cell Biology: A Laboratory Notebook (J. E. Cellis, ed., 1989) Academic Press; Animal Cell Culture (R. I. Freshney, ed. 1987); Introduction to Cell and Tissue Culture (J. P. Mather and P. E. Roberts, 1998) Plenum Press; Cell and Tissue Culture: Laboratory Procedures (A. Doyle, J. B. Griffiths, and D. G. Newell, eds. 1993-8) J. Wiley and Sons; Methods in Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc.); Handbook of Experimental Immunology (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, eds.): Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells (J. M. Miller and M. P. Calos, eds., 1987); Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (F. M. Ausubel, et al. eds. 1987); PCR: The Polymerase Chain Reaction, (Mullis, et al., eds. 1994); Current Protocols in Immunology (J. E. Coligan et al., eds., 1991); Short Protocols in Molecular Biology (Wiley and Sons, 1999); Immunobiology (C. A. Janeway and P. Travers, 1997); Antibodies (P. Finch, 1997); Antibodies: a practice approach (D. Catty., ed., IRL Press, 1988-1989); Monoclonal antibodies: a practical approach (P. Shepherd and C. Dean, eds., Oxford University Press, 2000); Using antibodies: a laboratory manual (E. Harlow and D. Lane (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1999); The Antibodies (M. Zanetti and J. D. Capra, eds. Harwood Academic Publishers, 1995); DNA Cloning: A practical Approach, Volumes I and II (D. N. Glover ed. 1985); Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. (1985»; Transcription and Translation (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins, eds. (1984»; Animal Cell Culture (R. I. Freshney, ed. (1986»; Immobilized Cells and Enzymes (IRL Press, (1986»; and B. Perbal, A practical Guide To Molecular Cloning (1984); F. M. Ausubel et al. (eds.).

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, based on the above description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. All publications cited herein are incorporated by reference for the purposes or subject matter referenced herein.

Example 1: Identifying Suitable VH VL Pairs for Use as Scaffolds

Suitable VH/VL pairs as scaffold for CDR insertions are crucial for creating highly diverse, highly functional antibody libraries. The usual rational for selecting scaffolds are: (i) the scaffolds are commonly used in nature (e.g., VH1-69, VH3-23); (ii) the scaffolds are chosen from known antibodies; (iii) the scaffolds are widely used by others; (iv) the scaffolds contains consensus germline sequences; and (v) the VH and VL pairs in the scaffold are considered to be stable, well expressed and non-aggregating.

Provided herein is an alternative approach for identifying suitable VH/VL pairs for use as a scaffold for antibody library construction. A recent publication describing certain approved antibodies and antibodies that are currently approved, or in Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical trials (Jain, T. et al. Biophysical properties of the clinical-stage antibody landscape. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114, 944-949, doi:10.1073/pnas.1616408114 (2017)) was analyzed. The VH and VL germline genes of these antibodies were determined. Based on the developability data (e.g., aggregation, hydrophobic interaction, polyspecificity, monomericity, expression level in HEK cells, and Fab Tm) provided for each clinical antibody in the paper, the frequency and developability of these germline genes in clinical antibodies was assessed. The antibodies displaying the value in the worst 10% for each of the standard tested was flagged (highlighted in bold and italics in Table 1) and only antibodies with ≤1 flag were considered developable. In Table 1 all the clinical antibodies containing ≤1 flag are indicated in rows 2-69. In rows 70-72 examples of antibodies with >2 flags are indicated (Table 1). The antibodies chosen as exemplary examples are highlighted in bold. The correlation between the clinical development stage of the antibodies and the percentage of flags in these antibodies is shown in FIG. 1.

Six therapeutic antibodies (abrilumab, mepolizumab, crenezumab, necitumumab, anifrolumab, and evoculumab) are selected as our final scaffold choices (Highlighted in bold and italics in Table 1, and further described in Table 2). They are well expressed, showing no or minimal liabilities, containing few framework mutations and having low immunogenicity indicating the presence of suitable antibody scaffolds in these antibodies.

For each of the therapeutic antibodies listed in Table 2, seven vectors were designed and synthesized, as described in Example 2. The diagrammatic representation of vectors encoding the original scaffold, the heavy chain CDR1, heavy chain CDR2, heavy CDR3, light chain CDR1, light chain CDR2, and light chain CDR3 scaffolds derived from the six original scaffolds listed in Table 2 is shown in FIG. 2. The scaffolds represent five VH gene families (VH1-5) and five VL families (VK1-4; Vλ2). Table 2. Naturally occurring replicated CDRs can be inserted into these selected exemplary antibody scaffolds, which were identified as being well expressed, folded and lacking liabilities, for further testing.

TABLE 1 Analysis of Therapeutic Antibodies. Affinity- Capture Self- Inter- action Nano- particle Spectro- Poly- scopy Slope Speci- (AC- CSI- Fab SGAC- HIC SMAC for ficity SINS) CIC BLI HEK Tm SINS Reten- Reten- Accel- Reagent Δλmax Reten- Delta Titer by AS100 tion tion erated (PSR) (nm) tion Re- (mg/ DSF (NH₄)₂SO₄ Time Time Stabil- SMP Aver- Time sponse BVP L) < (° C.) ≤ mM) ≤ (Min) ≥ (Min) ≥ ity ≥ (0-1) ≥ age ≥ (Min) > (nm) ≥ ELISA > ELISA ≥ Row Name 50 64 300 11.8 13.0 0.09 0.27 13.1 10 0.02 2.0 4.35 2 abituzumab 89.6 75.5 900.0 9.2 8.7 0.06 0.17 1.5 8.6   0.00 1.14 2.72 3

100.2 71.0 900.0 9.4 8.7 0.03 0.00 −0.9 8.4 −0.02 1.12 1.82 4 adalimumab 134.9 71.0 900.0 8.8 8.7 0.05 0.00 1.1 8.9 −0.01 1.08 1.49 5 alemtuzumab 144.7 74.5 1000.0 8.8 8.7 0.06 0.00 −0.8 8.5 −0.02 1.16 1.46 6 alirocumab 69.2 71.5 900.0 9.0 8.7 0.03 0.00 1.2 8.8 −0.01 1.20 2.18 7

82.0

700.0 8.8 8.6 0.07 0.00 −0.6 8.5 −0.02 1.16 1.62 8 bapineuzumab 151.1 73.0 1000.0 8.9 8.7 0.07 0.00 −0.7 8.6

1.21 3.55 9 benralizumab 146.7 76.0 800.0 9.5 9.1 0.02

6.0 9.6 −0.01 1.23 1.42 10 brodalumab 150.9 74.5 900.0 9.1 8.7 0.02

11.2 9.0 −0.01 1.48 2.93 11 canakinumab

72.0 800.0 9.3 8.7 0.04 0.00 0.7 8.6   0.00 1.20 2.55 12 certolizumab 186.7 81.5 500.0 11.5 10.8 0.04 0.00 0.2 9.3 −0.01 1.14 1.65 13 clazakizumab 113.5 69.5 800.0 9.6 8.9 0.05 0.00 0.9 8.7 −0.03 1.28 4.12 14

149.3 72.0 700.0 10.0 8.7 0.05 0.10 6.4 8.9   0.00 1.13 2.78 15 dacetuzumab 128.5 68.0 1000.0 8.5 8.6 0.00 0.00 0.0 8.5 −0.04 1.08 1.34 16 daclizumab 245.1 74.0 900.0 9.3 8.8 0.03 0.00 −0.1 8.5 −0.02 1.18 1.41 17 daratumumab 233.3 71.0 800.0 9.5 8.9 0.06 0.00 1.8 8.9   0.00 1.21 3.15 18 eculizumab 226.5 66.0 700.0 10.4 9.3 0.01 0.00 0.0 8.5 −0.04 0.96 3.00 19 efalizumab 167.0 72.5 900.0 8.7 8.6 0.00 0.00 0.7 8.5 −0.02 0.98 1.24 20 elotuzumab 213.2 83.5 700.0 10.3 9.3 0.00 0.00 −0.2 8.5 −0.03 0.98 1.26 21 epratuzumab 78.2 65.0 900.0 9.2 8.6 0.03 0.13 3.0 8.7 −0.01 1.47 2.34 22

260.7 65.0 700.0 10.4 9.1 0.03 0.20 2.2 9.3 −0.01 1.75 1.75 23 farletuzumab 220.8 75.5 800.0 9.5 9.1 0.01 0.00 −0.5 8.7 −0.01 1.07 1.32 24 fasinumab 110.4 71.0 900.0 10.0 8.7 0.07 0.00 −0.7 8.4 −0.02 1.16 2.53 25 ficlatuzumab 249.0 75.0 900.0 9.4 8.9 0.05 0.00 −0.9 8.5 −0.02 1.13 1.23 26 fletikumab 220.4 71.5 700.0 11.0 9.1 0.02 0.00 −0.1 8.5 −0.02 1.02 1.41 27 fresolimumab 166.0 74.0 700.0 10.9 9.1 0.06 0.00 −0.5 8.5 −0.02 1.30 3.51 28 fulranumab 142.0 68.5 900.0 9.3 9.3 0.07 0.19 11.6 9.3   0.00 1.85

29 gevokizumab 136.4 71.5 1000.0 8.8 8.6 0.07 0.00 −0.5 8.6 −0.03 1.18 1.93 30 ibalizumab 133.3 72.0 800.0 10.2 9.8 0.04 0.00 −0.3 8.7 −0.03 0.99 1.13 31 lintuzumab 230.0 75.5 700.0 10.9 9.4 0.05 0.00 0.9 8.9 −0.02 1.05 1.25 32 matuzumab 224.3 72.0 900.0 9.8 8.8 0.02 0.00 −0.9 8.6 −0.03 1.06 1.03 33 mavrilimumab 150.5 68.5 700.0 10.3 8.7 0.05 0.00 −0.8 8.5 −0.01 1.21 2.16 34

221.5 78.5 900.0 9.2 8.8 0.04 0.00 −1.0 8.4 −0.04 1.13 1.05 35 mogamulizumab 89.8 68.5 800.0 9.6 8.8 0.04 0.00 −0.5 8.6 −0.02 1.12 2.17 36 motavizumab 133.6 86.0 800.0 9.7 8.8 0.04 0.00 2.5 8.7 −0.01 1.23

37 natalizumab 251.7 79.5 900.0 9.7 8.8 0.02 0.00 0.8 8.8 −0.01 1.06 1.52 38

198.6 76.5 600.0 10.8 9.9 0.02 0.00 1.3 8.8 −0.02 1.05 1.31 39 nivolumab 178.8 66.0 900.0 9.0 8.7 0.03 0.14 2.4 8.9 −0.01 1.15 1.32 40 obinutuzumab 176.4 73.0 600.0 10.6 9.0 0.01 0.11 1.8 8.8 −0.01 0.95 1.63 41 ofatumumab 249.8 68.0 800.0 9.7 9.5 0.03 0.00 1.2 9.2 −0.02 1.12 1.18 42 olokizumab 115.3 69.0 700.0 9.9 9.0 0.04 0.00 −0.5 8.7 −0.03 1.11 1.23 43 omalizumab 150.4 77.5 800.0 9.5 8.7 0.05 0.00 −0.4 8.5 −0.02 1.12 1.17 44 onartuzumab 147.9 80.0 800.0 9.9 8.9 0.04 0.00 0.0 8.9 −0.02 1.12 1.19 45 otelixizumab 152.1 75.5 1000.0 9.1 8.7

0.00 4.4 8.7 −0.02 1.13 1.40 46 otlertuzumab 149.6 68.5 600.0 11.0 10.3 0.07 0.00 2.3 9.5 −0.03 1.17 1.78 47 palivizumab 243.1 79.5 900.0 9.3 8.7 0.04 0.00 −0.9 8.5 −0.03 1.12 2.88 48 panitumumab 179.6 78.5 900.0 9.5 8.8 0.04 0.00 −1.1 8.4 −0.03 1.06 1.18 49 panobacumab 107.6 69.0 900.0 9.8 8.9 0.02 0.00 −0.4 9.0 −0.01 1.21 1.90 50 pertuzumab

78.5 700.0 10.1 8.9 0.04 0.00 −0.2 8.6 −0.04 1.21 1.69 51 pinatuzumab 130.6 79.0 800.0 9.2 8.8 0.07 0.01 0.6 8.8 −0.02 1.27 2.49 52 polatuzumab 225.1 74.0 1000.0 8.8 8.7 0.06 0.00 −1.0 8.3 −0.05 1.36 3.62 53 radretumab 151.2 77.0 900.0 9.5 8.7 0.00 0.13 3.4 8.9   0.00 1.26 3.29 54 ramucirumab 90.7 66.0 900.0 9.4 8.7 0.02 0.00 0.0 8.6 −0.02 1.05 1.25 55 reslizumab 191.6 75.5 700.0 9.8 8.9 0.06 0.23 1.7 8.9   0.00 1.25 2.02 56 romosozumab 227.7 76.0 1000.0 9.2 8.6 0.03 0.00 −1.0 8.4 −0.03 1.01 1.47 57 sarilumab 181.8

900.0 9.0 8.7 0.05 0.00 1.1 8.7 −0.01 1.19 2.17 58 secukinumab 149.0 72.0 800.0 11.4 8.9 0.05 0.00 −0.6 8.4 −0.04 1.09 1.69 59 sifalimumab 158.6 67.0 800.0 9.7 8.8 0.01 0.06 2.1 9.0 −0.02

2.50 60 tabalumab 121.6

700.0 10.8 9.9 0.06 0.00 2.0 9.1 −0.01 1.26 3.68 61 tigatuzumab 179.0 64.5 700.0 10.0 8.7 0.00 0.13 5.5 8.7 −0.01 1.17 1.70 62 tildrakizumab 181.9 77.5 600.0 11.1 9.9 −0.01 0.00 0.8 8.7 −0.01 1.19 1.77 63 tocilizumab 139.6 91.5 900.0 9.1 8.8 0.05 0.00 1.3 8.9   0.00 1.14 2.81 64 tovetumab 277.2

900.0 8.7 8.6 0.01 0.00 2.2 8.8 −0.01 1.35 2.95 65 trastuzumab 159.5 78.5 800.0 9.7 8.8 0.04 0.00 2.0 8.8 −0.02 1.06 1.34 66 vedolizumab 221.8 80.5 600.0 10.9 12.3 0.07 0.00 0.4 9.0 −0.02 1.15 1.58 67 veltuzumab 225.0 70.0 700.0 11.1 9.7 0.04 0.00 4.8 8.8 −0.02 0.89 1.21 68 zalutumumab 200.5 72.5 900.0 9.3 8.7 0.05 0.00 −0.8 8.4 −0.03 1.28 2.90 69 zanolimumab 116.4 80.5 700.0 9.6 8.8 0.03 0.13 1.5 8.6 −0.01 1.10 1.46 70 atezolizumab 164.1 73.5

0.06 0.07

 

1.29

71 belimumab

800.0 10.5 9.3

0.00 0.8 8.6 −0.03

  72 bevacizumab 50.0

700.0

11.1

0.00 0.8 9.8 −0.02 1.29 2.78

TABLE 2 Summary of Final Scaffold Choices. Framework Framework % Phage VH VK VH VL Immuno- Fab display Therapeutic Target Phase Type gene gene mutations mutations genicity* Tm° C. used Abrilumab a4-β7 Phase 2 Human  1-24  1-12 1 1 0 71.0 Other H1-24 integrin & K1-12 Mepolizumab IL-5 Approved Humanized  2-70 4-1 4 0 6 78.5 Other H2-70 & K4-1 Crenezumab Aβ Phase 3 Humanized 3-7 2D-29 2 3 ND 72.0 None Necitumumab EGFR Approved Human 4-30-4  3-11 3 1 4.1 76.5 For Necitumumab Anifrolumab Interferon Phase 3 Human  5-51  3-20 1{circumflex over ( )} 2 3.3 62.5 Other H5-51 receptor & K3-20 Evoculumab PCSK9 Approved Human  1-18 12-14 2 1 0.3 65 Other H1-18 *These identified CDRs are identical, but synthesized with different flanking regions corresponding to different VH1 genes (VH1-18 and VH1-24). {circumflex over ( )}These identified CDRs are identical, but synthesized with different flanking regions corresponding to different VK3 genes (VK3-20 and VK3-11).

Example 2: Creating Vectors for Experimental CDR Screening

For each of the six libraries created using the six scaffolds shown in Table 2, seven polynucleotides encoding single-chain variable fragment (scFv) corresponding to each of the scaffolds were synthesized. One of the seven synthesized polynucleotides encodes for the non-modified scFv, and the other six polynucleotides were modified to have one of the original CDRs replaced by a combination of restriction sites including two inverted BsaI sites (a type Hs enzyme that cuts outside of its recognition sequence), an additional SfiI site to ensure cleavage of the vector and serve as a spacer between the BsaI sites, a frameshift and an ochre stop codon to prevent expression of background sequence (FIGS. 2-3). Each of these modified polynucleotides encoding the scaffolds was cloned into a yeast display vector, and the presence of the stop codon in this sequence prevented the expression of the scaffold on the yeast surface until the modified CDR is replaced with a functional CDR.

Example 3: Generating a Database of CDR Sequences and Informatic Elimination of CDRs Demonstrating Potential Liabilities

The process taken to identify suitable CDRs for use in the libraries exemplified herein is illustrated in FIG. 4. To generate a database of naturally occurring CDRs (CDRs found in naturally-occurring antibodies such as human antibodies), next generation sequencing (NGS) of the variable genes derived from a total of 40 donors was carried out, comprising a total of >140 million reads. NovaSeq analysis was applied to LCDR3 sequencing data and MiSeq analysis was applied to heavy chain and light chain CDR1 and CDR2 sequencing data.

Analysis of the variable gene sequences allowed identification of the numbers of CDRs shown in Table 3.

Altogether, unique CDRs corresponding to the following heavy chain and light chain CDRs were identified showing both unique CDRs and CDRs including potential flanking scaffold oligos (in parentheses). The number of oligos is greater than the number of CDRs because of the need to synthesize some CDRs with different flanking sequences corresponding to different scaffolds:

-   -   ˜52,675 (66,020) LCDR1s;     -   ˜19,550 (23,854) LCDR2s;     -   ˜2,180,922 (2,617,051) LCDR3s;     -   ˜147,741 (167,376) HCDR1s;     -   ˜170,758 (202,170) HCDR2s; and     -   ˜13,588,754 HCDR3s

Liabilities that were reduced to short sequences were used to identify CDRs containing them. For example, HCDR2 sequences containing liabilities such as deamidation, isomerization, glycosylation or unpaired cysteines are highlighted in pink (in FIG. 5). To underscore the importance of identifying liabilities and eliminating CDRs containing liabilities from the libraries, unpaired cysteines in HCDR3 were illustrated in FIGS. 6-8 as an example. Cysteines comprise up to 4% of HCDR3 amino acid and they need to be paired and structurally positioned, otherwise the presence of unpaired cysteines or poorly positioned cysteines would introduce undesirable structure or chemical reactivity into the CDR thus rendering the CDR non-functional or non-developable. The list of exemplary liabilities identified is described in Table 4, and it is clear that additional sequence-based liabilities can be similarly screened. The list of unique CDRs previously identified in Table 3 was examined for occurrence of the listed liabilities, and all CDRs containing a liability were computationally eliminated from the list of unique CDRs. FIGS. 9-13 reflects the extent of elimination of liabilities from the different CDR populations.

TABLE 3 Unique CDRs Identified and the Remaining Unique CDRs after Elimination of liabilities. unique unique LCDR1 LCDR2 unique LCDR3 Library VH VL total final total final total final 1 VH1- VK1- 8,838 1,717 6,483 1,406 385,836  74,091 Abrilumab 24 12   2 VH2- VK4- 6,039 103 685 140 130628  17,917 Mepolizumab 70  1   3 VH3- VK2D- 4,668 50 1591 229 122745  32,092 Crenezumab  7 29   4 VH4- VK3- 13,345 1,910 685 972 436129  79,038{circumflex over ( )} Necitumumab 30-4 11   5 VH5- VK3- 13,345 1,910 685 972 436129  79,038{circumflex over ( )} Anifrolumab 51 20   6 VH1- V12- 19,785 1,696 10,792 1,197 1,105,584  94,371 Evolocumab 18 14 Total 66,020 5,476 20,921 3,944 2,617,051 297,509 Theoretical diversity unique HCDR1 unique HCDR2 Unique HCDR3 No with 1e8 Library total final total final total final HCDR3 HCDR3's 1  19,635* 2,860 31,412 2,171 13,588,754 1,791,801 1.11E+18 1.11E+26 Abrilumab   2  31,486 2,296 15,550 1,253 7.43E+14 7.43E+22 Mepolizumab   3  34,575 5,920 82,817 4,565 9.93E+15 9.93E+23 Crenezumab   4  50,335 1,285 28,267 2,739 5.16E+17 5.16E+25 Necitumumab   5  11,710 1,979 12,712 669 1.94E+17 1.94E+25 Anifrolumab   6  19,635* 2,860 31,412 2,171 1.19E+18 1.19E+26 Evolocumab 167,376 17,200 202,170 13,568 13,588,754 1,791,801 3.00E+18 3.00E+26 Sum of final CDRs (LCDR1-3 HCDR1-2): 337, 697. *These identified CDRs are identical, but synthesized with different flanking regions corresponding to different VH1 genes (VH1-18 and VH1-24). {circumflex over ( )}These identified CDRs are identical, but synthesized with different flanking regions corresponding to different VK3 genes (VK3-20 and VK3-11).

TABLE 4 Liabilities to be Removed. Type of Liabilities Exemplary Motif Glycosylation-impacts stability, NXS, → X = Any Amino solubility, half-life, heterogeneity, and Acid but Proline effector function. NXT, → X = Any Amino Acid but Proline NXC → X = Any Amino Acid but Proline Deamidation-Therapeutic antibodies NG, NS, NT, NN, NA, may undergo deamidation during NH, ND, GNF, GNY, manufacture and storage leading to GNT, or GNG protein structural changes, aggregation, change in pharmacokinetics, loss of activity and immunogenicity. Isomerization-Asp residues can undergo DT, DH, DG, DS, DD isomerization and reported in CDRs. Known to increase charge heterogeneity Based on creation of synthetic library, GG, GGG, RR, selection against polyspecificity (PSR) VG, VV, VVV, and sequencing WW, WWW, YY, WXW (X represents any amino acid residue) Single cluster in IL-13 human mAb FHW HCDR3 which highly aggregating, alanine mutations increase solubility (aggregation) Two aromatic tripeptides in HCDR3 HYF, HVVH mutated improve viscosity. Compatible with idea that 3 consecutive aromatics is bad news and should be eliminated Positive charge associated with Net Charge (+1) in poor developability properties. LCDR1-3, HCDR1-2 Unpaired cysteine can impact protein Unpaired Cysteine folding, function and stability. These reactive centers lead to formation of covalent aggregates and reduce protein stability Protease sensitivity (fragmentation) DP, DG, DS, DV, DY, DF, DQ, DK, DL, DD Integrin binding site RGD, RYD, LDV, KGD Lysine glycation site KE, EK, or ED Metal catalyzed fragmentation HS, SH, KT, HXS, SXH (X represents any amino acid residue) Polyspecificity, aggregation X₁X₂X₃, in which each of X₁, X₂, and X₃ independent is F, I, L, V, W, or Y Streptavidin binding motifs HPQ, EPDW (SEQ ID NO: 117), PWXWL (SEQ ID NO: 118), GDWVFI (SEQ ID NO: 119), PWPWLG (SEQ ID NO: 120) (X represents any amino acid residue)

Example 4: Elimination of CDRs Arising from Sequencing Errors

Following the removal of CDRs containing potential liabilities disclosed in Example 3 above, CDRs that may have arisen as a result of sequencing errors were also computationally eliminated. Sequencing errors are more likely when the CDRs sequenced are oversampled. In general, the more copies of a particular CDR, the more likely that it is real, and not the result of a sequencing error.

The abundance of each unique CDR in the dataset was assessed after those containing liabilities had been removed. For each of the different libraries and individual CDRs, the percentage of sequences retained at different abundances (number of reads) was assessed. The more information retained, the more likely that rare CDRs are the result of sequencing errors, and not naturally occurring CDRs. The percentage of sequences eliminated for different CDRs except for HCDR3 at the application of different threshold numbers in each library is represented in FIG. 14. A threshold of 4 or more reads was evaluated for each unique CDR to represent the best balance between the number of unique CDRs and the retained sequence information. It is clear that different threshold numbers can be chosen depending upon the number of total reads, and the number of total unique CDRs identified. While different thresholds for each individual CDR for each library could be used, the single threshold of 4 reads was chosen to be consistent. CDRs with less than 4 reads were removed from the library.

The use of different thresholds would be expected to yield different numbers of CDRs with different sequences as shown in FIG. 15.

Example 5: Elimination of CDRs Based on Anomalous Length

The lengths of germline CDRs are conserved, although they may vary during affinity maturation. CDRs of anomalous length are expected to reduce folding and expression of antibodies that contain them. CDRs with anomalous lengths were also computationally eliminated under the rules described in FIG. 4 and CDRs with a length outside of the pink shaded area were eliminated as shown FIGS. 16-21. The effects on the number of retained CDRs are indicated in Table 5 and Table 6. It is clear that alternative rules may be applied to the identification of naturally occurring CDRs that lack liabilities, and that as new liabilities are identified, they can be similarly eliminated. Furthermore, by carrying out next generation sequencing on CDRs experimentally selected for the presence of liabilities, such as polyreactivity or aggregation behavior, additional sequence liabilities can be identified and can be eliminated in other libraries created using this approach. As the numbers of CDRs sequenced increases, it is expected that the number of both unique CDRs, as well as the number of unique CDRs lacking liabilities will increase, so increasing the potential library diversity.

After the completion of these different informatic operations, the final number of unique CDRs identified as containing no liabilities, for each scaffold for this exemplary library is indicated in Table 3 showing both unique CDRs and CDRs including flanking scaffold oligos (in parentheses):

-   -   ˜3,566 (5,476) LCDR1s;     -   ˜2,972 (3,944) LCDR2s;     -   ˜218,471 (297,509) LCDR3s;     -   ˜14,340 (17,200) HCDR1s;     -   ˜11,397 (13,568) HCDR2s; and     -   ˜1,791,801 HCDR3s

TABLE 5 Number of CDRs Retained after Defined Length Restriction. Library No length Length Library No length Length Library No length Length 1 restriction Restriction Difference 2 restriction Restriction Difference 3 restriction Restriction Difference LCDR1 1,719 1,717 −2 LCDR1 122 103 −19 LCDR1 57 50 −7 LCDR2 1,409 1,406 −3 LCDR2 141 140 −1 LCDR2 231 229 −2 LCDR3 74,134 74,091 −43 LCDR3 17,920 17,917 −3 LCDR3 32,111 32,092 −19 HCDR1 2,878 2,860 −18 HCDR1 2,335 2,296 −39 HCDR1 5,956 5,920 −36 HCDR2 2,189 2,171 −18 HCDR2 1,262 1,253 −9 HCDR2 4,569 4,565 −4 Total 82,329 82,245 −84 Total 21,780 21,709 −71 Total 42,924 42,856 −68 Library No length Length Library No length Length Library No length Length 4 restriction Restriction Difference 5 restriction Restriction Difference 6 restriction Restriction Difference LCDR1 1,917 1,910 −7 HCDR1 1,999 1,979 −20 LCDR1 1,697 1,696 −1 LCDR2 979 972 −7 HCDR2 673 669 −4 LCDR2 1,207 1,197 −10 LCDR3 79,141 79,038 −103 Total 24,452 24,357 −95 LCDR3 94,383 94,371 −12 HCDR1 1,293 1,285 −8 HCDR1 2,878 2,860 −18 HCDR2 2,773 2,739 −34 HCDR2 2,189 2,171 −18 Total 86,103 85,944 −159 Total 102,354 102,295 −59

TABLE 6 Total Number of CDRs. No length Length restriction Restriction Difference Total 338,162 337,697 −465

Example 6: Synthesis and Amplification of Oligonucleotides Corresponding to Final CDRs

Oligonucleotides corresponding to those identified for HCDR1-2 and LCDR1-3 after the elimination steps as described in the above Examples were synthesized (Twist, Inc., San Francisco, Calif.), resulting in a total of 337,697 oligonucleotides coding for the selected CDRs. The CDR coding sequence in these oligonucleotides was flanked by 5′ and 3′ sequences homologous to the framework vectors, into which the CDR coding sequences were cloned. The homologous sequences were used for both amplification and insertion of the oligonucleotides into the yeast display vectors.

The combined pool of replicated natural CDRs amplified using primer pairs specific for each library scaffold and CDR position, cloned into the yeast display vectors described in Example 2 by homologous recombination, resulted in 30 different single CDR loop libraries (6 libraries, LCDR1-3, HCDR1-2). These were sorted for display, using a monoclonal antibody recognizing the SV5 tag by fluorescence activated cell sorting. For each of these libraries, this represents the diversity of replicated natural CDRs that are amplified using the specific primer pairs used (see below) that allow any level of display and are indicated as “Replicated natural before filtering” in FIG. 22.

FIG. 22A-F illustrates exemplary advantage of using synthetic oligonucleotides to encode HCDR1-2 and LCDR1-3 replicated natural diversity. Particularly for CDR1-2, the difference in abundance between the most and least abundant CDRs can be >300,000-fold, with the germline CDR1-2 sequences being by far the most abundant. When natural CDRs are synthesized, the distribution is always far flatter, as shown in FIGS. 22A-F, with the difference in abundance between the most and least abundant CDRs ranging from 10-200 fold, depending upon the CDR and library. The improvement in the diversity at each CDR using the approach described here is further illustrated in FIGS. 22G-L, where the cumulative distribution is indicated for each library and CDR position. The figures for each plot indicate the D50, the number of clones comprising the most abundant 50% of clones, which for all CDRs in all libraries is significantly higher for the replicated natural diversity, than for the natural diversity. In the case of HCDR3, the VDJ recombinatorial process (including addition of removal of nucleotides at the VD and DJ junctions) results in less variability in abundance between different HCDR3s.

The pool of oligonucleotides was subjected to amplification using the following primers:

For LCDR1: F-L1-LCDR1 to F-L6-LCDR1 and R-L1-LCDR1 to R-L6-LCDR1 For LCDR2: F-L1-LCDR2 to F-L6-LCDR2 and R-L1-LCDR2 to R-L6-LCDR2 For LCDR3: F-L1-LCDR3 to F-L6-LCDR3 and R-L1-LCDR3 to R-L6-LCDR3 For HCDR1: F-L1-HCDR1 to F-L1-HCDR1 and R-L1-HCDR1 to R-L1-HCDR1 For HCDR2: F-L1-HCDR2 to F-L1-HCDR2 and R-L1-HCDR2 to R-L1-HCDR2

The exemplary amplification primer sequences and assembly primer sequences are provided in Table 7 and Table 8, respectively.

TABLE 7 Exemplary Amplification Primers. Tm SEQ ID Name Sequence (° C.) NO 0 F-L1-LCDR1 GCTTCTGTTGGTGATCGTGTTACTATTACCTGTCGTGCTTCT 77.9 181 1 F-L2-LCDR1 GTTTCTCTGGGTGAACGTGCTACCATCAACTGCAAATCTTCT 77.9 182 2 F-L3-LCDR1 GTTACCCCAGGTGAACCAGCTTCTATTTCTTGTCGTTCTTCT 77.9 183 3 F-L4-LCDR1 CTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCT 81.8 184 4 F-L5-LCDR1 CTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCT 81.8 185 5 F-L6-LCDR1 GGTTCTCCAGGTCAGTCTATCACCATCTCTTGTACCGGTACC 80.9 186 6 R-L1-LCDR1 CAGTTTTGGAGCTTTACCTGGTTTCTGCTGGTACCAAGCCAG 79.9 187 7 R-L2-LCDR1 CAGTTTTGGTGGCTGACCTGGTTTCTGCTGGTACCAAGCCAG 81.8 188 8 R-L3-LCDR1 CAGCTGTGGAGACTGACCTGGTTTCTGCAGGTACCAGTGCAG 82.8 189 9 R-L4-LCDR1 CAGACGTGGAGCCTGACCTGGTTTCTGCTGGTACCAAGCCAG 83.8 190 10 R-L5-LCDR1 CAGACGTGGAGCCTGACCTGGTTTCTGCTGGTACCAAGCCAG 83.8 191 11 R-L6-LCDR1 CAGTTTTGGAGCTTTACCTGGGTGCTGCTGGTACCAAGAAAC 79.9 192 12 F-L1-LCDR2 TACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGCTGATCTAC 77.9 193 13 F-L2-LCDR2 TACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGCCACCAAAACTGCTGATCTAC 79.9 194 14 F-L3-LCDR2 TACCTGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGTCTCCACAGCTGCTGATCTAC 80.9 195 15 F-L4-LCDR2 TACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTAC 81.8 196 16 F-L5-LCDR2 TACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTAC 81.8 197 17 F-L6-LCDR2 TACCAGCAGCACCCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGATGATCTAC 78.9 198 19 R-L1-LCDR2 ATCGGTACCAGAACCAGAACCAGAGAAACGAGATGGAACACC 79.9 199 19 R-L2-LCDR2 ATCGGTACCAGAACCAGAACCAGAGAAACGATCTGGAACACC 79.9 200 20 R-L3-LCDR2 ATCGGTACCAGAACCAGAACCAGAGAAACGATCTGGAACACC 79.9 201 21 R-L4-LCDR2 ATCGGTACCAGAACCAGAACCAGAGAAACGAGCTGGGATACC 80.9 202 22 R-L5-LCDR2 ATCGGTACCAGAACCAGAACCAGACAGACGATCTGGGATACC 80.9 203 23 R-L6-LCDR2 GGTGTTACCAGATTTAGAACCAGAGAAACGGTTAGAAACACC 77.0 204 24 F-L1-LCDR3 ATCTCTTCTCTGCAGCCAGAAGATTTCGCTAACTACTACTGT 77.0 205 25 F-L2-LCDR3 ATCTCTTCTCTGCAGGCTGAAGATGTTGCTGTTTACTACTGT 77.0 206 26 F-L3-LCDR3 ATCTCTCGTGTTGAAGCTGAAGATGTTGGTGTTTACTACTGT 76.0 207 27 F-L4-LCDR3 ATCTCTTCTCTGGAACCAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGT 76.0 208 28 F-L5-LCDR3 ATCACCCGTCTGGAACCAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGT 77.9 209 29 F-L6-LCDR3 ATCTCTGGTCTGCAGGCTGAAGATGAAGCTGATTACTACTGT 77.9 210 30 R-L1-LCDR3 CGACCCTCCGGATTTGATTTCAACTTTGGTACCACCACCGAA 79.9 211 31 R-L6-LCDR3 CGACCCTCCGGACAGAACGGTCAGTTTGGTACCACCACCGAA 83.8 212 32 F-L1-HCDR1 AAAAAACCAGGTGCTTCTGTTAAAGTTTCTTGTAAAGTTTCT 72.1 213 33 F-L2-HCDR1 GTTAAACCAACCCAGACCCTGACCCTGACCTGTACCGTTTCT 80.9 214 34 F-L3-HCDR1 GTTCAGCCAGGTGGTTCTCTGCGTCTGTCTTGTGCTGCTTCT 81.8 215 35 F-L4-HCDR1 GTTAAACCATCTCAGACCCTGTCTCTGACCTGTACCGTTTCT 78.9 216 36 F-L5-HCDR1 AAAAAACCAGGTGAATCTCTGAAAATCTCTTGTAAAGGTTCT 73.0 217 37 F-L6-HCDR1 AAAAAACCAGGTGCTTCTGTTAAAGTTTCTTGTAAAGCTTCT 73.0 218 38 R-L1-HCDR1 CCATTCCAGACCTTTACCTGGAGCCTGACGAACCCAGTGGAT 81.8 219 39 R-L2-HCDR1 CCATTCCAGAGCTTTACCTGGTGGCTGACGGATCCAGTTAAC 80.9 220 40 R-L3-HCDR1 CAGTTCCAGACCTTTACCTGGAGCCTGACGAACCCAAGACAT 80.9 221 41 R-L4-HCDR1 CCATTCCAGACCTTTACCTGGTGGCTGACGGATCCAAGACCA 81.8 222 42 R-L5-HCDR1 AGATTCCAGACCTTTACCTGGAACCTGACGAACCCAAGCGAT 79.9 223 43 R-L6-HCDR1 CCATTCCAGACCCTGACCTGGAGCCTGACGAACCCAAGAGAT 82.8 224 44 F-L1-HCDR2 GTTCGTCAGGCTCCAGGTAAAGGTCTGGAATGGATGGGTGGT 81.8 225 45 F-L2-HCDR2 ATCCGTCAGCCACCAGGTAAAGCTCTGGAATGGCTGGCTATG 81.8 226 46 F-L3-HCDR2 GTTCGTCAGGCTCCAGGTAAAGGTCTGGAACTGGTTGCTTCT 80.9 227 47 F-L4-HCDR2 ATCCGTCAGCCACCAGGTAAAGGTCTGGAATGGATCGGTTAC 80.9 228 48 F-L5-HCDR2 GTTCGTCAGGTTCCAGGTAAAGGTCTGGAATCTATGGGTATC 78.9 229 49 F-L6-HCDR2 GTTCGTCAGGCTCCAGGTCAGGGTCTGGAATGGATGGGTTGG 83.8 230 50 R-L1-HCDR2 TTCGGTCATGGTAACACGACCCTGGAATTTCTGAGCGTAGAT 78.9 231 51 R-L2-HCDR2 AGAGATGGTCAGACGAGATTTCAGAGCAGAGTTGTAAACGAT 77.0 232 52 R-L3-HCDR2 ACGAGAGATGGTGAAACGACCTTTAACAGAATCTGGGTAGTA 77.0 233 53 R-L4-HCDR2 AACAGACATGGTAACACGAGATTTCAGAGATGGGTTGTAATC 76.0 234 54 R-L5-HCDR2 AGCAGAGATGGTAACCTGACCCTGGAAAGATGGAGAGTAACG 79.9 235 55 R-L6-HCDR2 GGTGGTCATGGTACCACGACCCTGCAGTTTCTGAGCGTAGTT 81.8 236 56 F-L1-HCDR3 CTGTCTTCTCTGAAATCTGAGGACACGGCCGTGTATTACTGT 78.9 237 57 F-L2-HCDR3 ATGACCAACATGGATCCTGTGGACACAGCCACATATTACTGT 77.9 238 58 F-L3-HCDR3 ATGAACTCTCTGCGTGCCGAGGACACGGCTGTGTATTACTGT 80.9 239 59 F-L4-HCDR3 GTTAACTCTGTTACCGCCGCGGACACGGCTGTGTATTACTGT 80.9 240 60 F-L5-HCDR3 TGGTCTTCTCTGAAAGCCTCGGACACCGCCATTTATTACTGT 78.9 241 61 F-L6-HCDR3 CTGCGTTCTCTGCGTTCTGACGACACGGCCGTGTATTACTGT 81.8 242 62 R-JH4 GATTGGTTTGCCGCTAGCTGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTTCC 83.8 243 63 R-JH6 GATTGGTTTGCCGCTAGCTGAGGAGACGGTGACCGTGGTCCC 84.8 244

TABLE 8 Exemplary Assembly Primers. SEQ Tm ID Name Sequences (° C.) NO 64 R-L1-LCDR1-ASS GTAGATCAGCAGTTTTGGAGC 61.8 245 TTT 65 R-L2-LCDR1-ASS GTAGATCAGCAGTTTTGGTGG 59.4 246 66 R-L3-LCDR1-ASS GTAGATCAGCAGCTGTGGAGA 61.3 247 67 R-L4-LCDR1-ASS GTAGATCAGCAGACGTGGAG 60.5 248 68 R-L5-LCDR1-ASS GTAGATCAGCAGACGTGGAG 60.5 249 69 R-L6-LCDR1-ASS GTAGATCATCAGTTTTGGAGC 60.9 250 TTTA 70 F-L1-LCDR2-ASS CTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAA 61.3 251 71 F-L2-LCDR2-ASS CTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAA 61.3 252 72 F-L3-LCDR2-ASS CTGCACTGGTACCTGCAGAAA 61.3 253 73 F-L4-LCDR2-ASS CTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAA 61.3 254 74 F-L5-LCDR2-ASS CTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAA 61.3 255 75 F-L6-LCDR2-ASS GTTTCTTGGTACCAGCAGCAC 61.3 256 76 R-L1-LCDR2-ASS ACAGTAGTAGTTAGCGAAATC 60.9 257 TTCT 77 R-L2-LCDR2-ASS ACAGTAGTAAACAGCAACATC 60.9 258 TTCA 78 R-L3-LCDR2-ASS ACAGTAGTAAACACCAACATC 60.9 259 TTCA 79 R-L4-LCDR2-ASS ACAGTAGTAAACAGCGAAATC 60.9 260 TTCT 80 R-L5-LCDR2-ASS ACAGTAGTAAACAGCGAAATC 60.9 261 TTCT 81 R-L6-LCDR2-ASS ACAGTAGTAATCAGCTTCATC 60.9 262 TTCA 82 F-L1-LCDR3-ASS GGTGTTCCATCTCGTTTCTCT 59.4 263 83 F-L2-LCDR3-ASS GGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCT 59.4 264 84 F-L3-LCDR3-ASS GGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCT 59.4 265 85 F-L4-LCDR3-ASS GGTATCCCAGCTCGTTTCTCT 61.3 266 86 F-L5-LCDR3-ASS GGTATCCCAGATCGTCTGTCT 61.3 267 87 F-L6-LCDR3-ASS GGTGTTTCTAACCGTTTCTCTG 60.3 268 90 R-L1-HCDR1-ASS ACCACCCATCCATTCCAGAC 60.5 269 91 R-L2-HCDR1-ASS CATAGCCAGCCATTCCAGAG 60.5 270 92 R-L3-HCDR1-ASS AGAAGCAACCAGTTCCAGACC 61.3 271 93 R-L4-HCDR1-ASS GTAACCGATCCATTCCAGACC 61.3 272 94 R-L5-HCDR1-ASS GATACCCATAGATTCCAGACC 61.8 273 TTT 95 R-L6-HCDR1-ASS CCAACCCATCCATTCCAGAC 60.5 274 96 F-L1-HCDR2-ASS ATCCACTGGGTTCGTCAGG 59.5 275 97 F-L2-HCDR2-ASS GTTAACTGGATCCGTCAGCCA 61.3 276 98 F-L3-HCDR2-ASS ATGTCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGCT 61.3 277 99 F-L4-HCDR2-ASS TGGTCTTGGATCCGTCAGC 59.5 278 100 F-L5-HCDR2-ASS ATCGCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGTT 61.3 279 101 F-L6-HCDR2-ASS ATCTCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGCT 61.3 280 102 R-L1-HCDR2-ASS ACAGTAATACACGGCCGTGTC 61.3 281 103 R-L2-HCDR2-ASS ACAGTAATATGTGGCTGTGTC 61.1 282 CA 104 R-L3-HCDR2-ASS ACAGTAATACACAGCCGTGTC 59.4 283 105 R-L4-HCDR2-ASS ACAGTAATACACAGCCGTGTC 59.4 284 106 R-L5-HCDR2-ASS ACAGTAATAAATGGCGGTGTCC 60.3 285 107 R-L6-HCDR2-ASS ACAGTAATACACGGCCGTGTC 61.3 286 108 F-L1-HCDR3-ASS ATCTACGCTCAGAAATTCCAGG 60.3 287 109 F-L2-HCDR3-ASS GTTTACAACTCTGCTCTGAAAT 60.1 288 CT 110 F-L3-HCDR3-ASS TACTACCCAGATTCTGTTAAAG 60.1 289 GT 111 F-L4-HCDR3-ASS GATTACAACCCATCTCTGAAAT 60.1 290 CT 112 F-L5-HCDR3-ASS CGTTACTCTCCATCTTTCCAG 59.4 291 113 F-L6-HCDR3-ASS AACTACGCTCAGAAACTGCAG 59.4 292 114 F-scfv-ASS CGGATTGTCTTCAACCAACAC 61.1 293 AA 115 R-scfv-ASS CTCCTCCTGTTGAATCCAGG 60.5 294 116 F-scfv CAGTTAGATAAAAGAGGCGCG 59.4 295 117 R-scfv GCCCAGCAGTGGGTTTGG 60.7 296 88 F-linker-ASS TCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAA 59.5 297 89 R-linker-ASS GGTACCGCTCGAGGATAACTT 61.3 298

While the diversity found in HCDR1-2 and LCDR1-3 can be covered by array-based oligonucleotide synthesis relatively easily, this may not be the case for HCDR3 in some instances, where the original diversity can easily exceed 10⁸ different HCDR3s. Even after liabilities and CDRs found fewer than 4 times may be eliminated, the number of different HCDR3s can exceed 10⁷ if NovaSeq (3×10⁹ reads) is used to assess diversity. This can be addressed either by limiting synthetic HCDR3 diversity to <10⁶ sequences, which is tractable by array-based synthesis; or by combining synthetic HCDR1-2 and LCDR1-3 diversity with naturally diverse HCDR3 amplified from donor lymphocytes.

RNA from B lymphocytes from Leuko Paks from ten donors, comprising a total of >10⁹ B cells, was isolated using the Miltenyi StraightFrom LeukoPak CD19 kit. cDNA was prepared using a primer annealing in the IgM constant region. HCDR3s were amplified from the cDNA using all possible combinations of the six forward primers (F-L1-HCDR3 to F1-L6-HCDR3) and the two reverse primers (R-JH4 and RJH6) described Table 7 and Table 8. This amplification appends sequences to the 5′ and 3′ ends homologous to the framework vectors, into which the HCDR3s are to be cloned.

Example 7: Cloning of CDRs into Single Site CDR Vectors and Selection for Functional CDRs

Although natural replicated CDRs are synthesized based on criteria that should ensure their functionality (e.g., removal of liabilities), oligonucleotide synthesis may not be 100% accurate. In addition to the problem of incorrect sequences, other unidentified liabilities causing poor expression or polyreactivity may be encoded by the synthesized oligonucleotides. Selection of the functional CDRs can be an option to address this issue.

Each of the CDRs remaining from the elimination steps described above was cloned into the appropriate yeast display scaffold vector. The coding sequences of the exemplary scaffold are provided below:

>1 - abrilumab (SEQ ID NO: 139) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCATCTT CTGTTTCTGCTTCTGTTGGTGATCGTGTTACTATTACCTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGGGTATCTCTTCTTGGCT GGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGCTGATCTACGGTGCTTCTAACCTGGAATCT GGTGTTCCATCTCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCTCTTCTCTGCAGC CAGAAGATTTCGCTAACTACTACTGTCAGCAGGCTAACTCTTTCCCATGGACCTTCGGTGGTGGTACCAA AGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCGAGC GGTACCCAGGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGCTTCTGTTAAAGTTTCTT GTAAAGTTTCTGGTTACACCCTGTCTGATCTGTCTATCCACTGGGTTCGTCAGGCTCCAGGTAAAGGTCT GGAATGGATGGGTGGTTTCGATCCACAGGATGGTGAAACCATCTACGCTCAGAAATTCCAGGGTCGTGTT ACCATGACCGAAGATACCTCTACCGATACCGCTTACATGGAACTGTCTTCTCTGAAATCTGAGGACACGG CCGTGTATTACTGTGCTACCGGTTCTTCTTCTTCTTGGTTCGATCCATGGGGTCAGGGAACCCTGGTCAC CGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >1a - abrilumab dLCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 140) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCATCTT CTGTTTCTGCTTCTGTTGGTGATCGTGTTACTATTACCTGTCGTGCTTCTagagaccatggccagtaagg ccggtctctCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGCTGATCTACGGTGCTTCTA ACCTGGAATCTGGTGTTCCATCTCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCTC TTCTCTGCAGCCAGAAGATTTCGCTAACTACTACTGTCAGCAGGCTAACTCTTTCCCATGGACCTTCGGT GGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGT TATCCTCGAGCGGTACCCAGGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGCTTCTGT TAAAGTTTCTTGTAAAGTTTCTGGTTACACCCTGTCTGATCTGTCTATCCACTGGGTTCGTCAGGCTCCA GGTAAAGGTCTGGAATGGATGGGTGGTTTCGATCCACAGGATGGTGAAACCATCTACGCTCAGAAATTCC AGGGTCGTGTTACCATGACCGAAGATACCTCTACCGATACCGCTTACATGGAACTGTCTTCTCTGAAATC TGAGGACACGGCCGTGTATTACTGTGCTACCGGTTCTTCTTCTTCTTGGTTCGATCCATGGGGTCAGGGA ACCCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >1b - abrilumab dLCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 141) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCATCTT CTGTTTCTGCTTCTGTTGGTGATCGTGTTACTATTACCTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGGGTATCTCTTCTTGGCT GGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGCTGATCTACagagaccatggccagtaaggc cggtctctGGTGTTCCATCTCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCTCTTC TCTGCAGCCAGAAGATTTCGCTAACTACTACTGTCAGCAGGCTAACTCTTTCCCATGGACCTTCGGTGGT GGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTAT CCTCGAGCGGTACCCAGGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGCTTCTGTTAA AGTTTCTTGTAAAGTTTCTGGTTACACCCTGTCTGATCTGTCTATCCACTGGGTTCGTCAGGCTCCAGGT AAAGGTCTGGAATGGATGGGTGGTTTCGATCCACAGGATGGTGAAACCATCTACGCTCAGAAATTCCAGG GTCGTGTTACCATGACCGAAGATACCTCTACCGATACCGCTTACATGGAACTGTCTTCTCTGAAATCTGA GGACACGGCCGTGTATTACTGTGCTACCGGTTCTTCTTCTTCTTGGTTCGATCCATGGGGTCAGGGAACC CTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >1c - abrilumab dLCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 142) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCATCTT CTGTTTCTGCTTCTGTTGGTGATCGTGTTACTATTACCTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGGGTATCTCTTCTTGGCT GGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGCTGATCTACGGTGCTTCTAACCTGGAATCT GGTGTTCCATCTCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCTCTTCTCTGCAGC CAGAAGATTTCGCTAACTACTACTGTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctTTCGGTGGTGGTACC AAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCGA GCGGTACCCAGGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGCTTCTGTTAAAGTTTC TTGTAAAGTTTCTGGTTACACCCTGTCTGATCTGTCTATCCACTGGGTTCGTCAGGCTCCAGGTAAAGGT CTGGAATGGATGGGTGGTTTCGATCCACAGGATGGTGAAACCATCTACGCTCAGAAATTCCAGGGTCGTG TTACCATGACCGAAGATACCTCTACCGATACCGCTTACATGGAACTGTCTTCTCTGAAATCTGAGGACAC GGCCGTGTATTACTGTGCTACCGGTTCTTCTTCTTCTTGGTTCGATCCATGGGGTCAGGGAACCCTGGTC ACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >1d - abrilumab dHCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 143) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCATCTT CTGTTTCTGCTTCTGTTGGTGATCGTGTTACTATTACCTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGGGTATCTCTTCTTGGCT GGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGCTGATCTACGGTGCTTCTAACCTGGAATCT GGTGTTCCATCTCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCTCTTCTCTGCAGC CAGAAGATTTCGCTAACTACTACTGTCAGCAGGCTAACTCTTTCCCATGGACCTTCGGTGGTGGTACCAA AGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCGAGC GGTACCCAGGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGCTTCTGTTAAAGTTTCTT GTAAAGTTTCTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctATCCACTGGGTTCGTCAGGCTCCAGGTAAA GGTCTGGAATGGATGGGTGGTTTCGATCCACAGGATGGTGAAACCATCTACGCTCAGAAATTCCAGGGTC GTGTTACCATGACCGAAGATACCTCTACCGATACCGCTTACATGGAACTGTCTTCTCTGAAATCTGAGGA CACGGCCGTGTATTACTGTGCTACCGGTTCTTCTTCTTCTTGGTTCGATCCATGGGGTCAGGGAACCCTG GTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >1e - abrilumab dHCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 144) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCATCTT CTGTTTCTGCTTCTGTTGGTGATCGTGTTACTATTACCTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGGGTATCTCTTCTTGGCT GGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGCTGATCTACGGTGCTTCTAACCTGGAATCT GGTGTTCCATCTCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCTCTTCTCTGCAGC CAGAAGATTTCGCTAACTACTACTGTCAGCAGGCTAACTCTTTCCCATGGACCTTCGGTGGTGGTACCAA AGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCGAGC GGTACCCAGGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGCTTCTGTTAAAGTTTCTT GTAAAGTTTCTGGTTACACCCTGTCTGATCTGTCTATCCACTGGGTTCGTCAGGCTCCAGGTAAAGGTCT GGAATGGATGGGTGGTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctATCTACGCTCAGAAATTCCAGGGTC GTGTTACCATGACCGAAGATACCTCTACCGATACCGCTTACATGGAACTGTCTTCTCTGAAATCTGAGGA CACGGCCGTGTATTACTGTGCTACCGGTTCTTCTTCTTCTTGGTTCGATCCATGGGGTCAGGGAACCCTG GTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >1f - abrilumab dHCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 145) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCATCTT CTGTTTCTGCTTCTGTTGGTGATCGTGTTACTATTACCTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGGGTATCTCTTCTTGGCT GGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGCTGATCTACGGTGCTTCTAACCTGGAATCT GGTGTTCCATCTCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCTCTTCTCTGCAGC CAGAAGATTTCGCTAACTACTACTGTCAGCAGGCTAACTCTTTCCCATGGACCTTCGGTGGTGGTACCAA AGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCGAGC GGTACCCAGGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGCTTCTGTTAAAGTTTCTT GTAAAGTTTCTGGTTACACCCTGTCTGATCTGTCTATCCACTGGGTTCGTCAGGCTCCAGGTAAAGGTCT GGAATGGATGGGTGGTTTCGATCCACAGGATGGTGAAACCATCTACGCTCAGAAATTCCAGGGTCGTGTT ACCATGACCGAAGATACCTCTACCGATACCGCTTACATGGAACTGTCTTCTCTGAAATCTGAGGACACGG CCGTGTATTACTGTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctGGAACCCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgct agcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >2 - mepolizumab (SEQ ID NO: 146) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCAGATT CTCTGGCTGTTTCTCTGGGTGAACGTGCTACCATCAACTGCAAATCTTCTCAGTCTCTGCTGAACTCTGG TAACCAGAAAAACTACCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGCCACCAAAACTGCTGATCTACGGT GCTTCTACCCGTGAATCTGGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGA CCATCTCTTCTCTGCAGGCTGAAGATGTTGCTGTTTACTACTGTCAGAACGTTCACTCTTTCCCATTCAC CTTCGGTGGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTAT ACGAAGTTATCCTCGAGCGGTACCCAGGTTACCCTGCGTGAATCTGGTCCAGCTCTGGTTAAACCAACCC AGACCCTGACCCTGACCTGTACCGTTTCTGGTTTCTCTCTGTCTGCTTACTCTGTTAACTGGATCCGTCA GCCACCAGGTAAAGCTCTGGAATGGCTGGCTATGATCTGGGGTGATGGTAAAATCGTTTACAACTCTGCT CTGAAATCTCGTCTGACCATCTCTAAAGATACCTCTAAAAACCAGGTTGTTCTGACCATGACCAACATGG ATCCTGTGGACACAGCCACATATTACTGTGCTGGTGATGGTTACTACCCATACGCTATGGATAACTGGGG TCAGGGAACCCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >2a - mepolizumab dLCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 147) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCAGATT CTCTGGCTGTTTCTCTGGGTGAACGTGCTACCATCAACTGCAAATCTTCTagagaccatggccagtaagg ccggtctctCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGCCACCAAAACTGCTGATCTACGGTGCTTCTA CCCGTGAATCTGGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCTC TTCTCTGCAGGCTGAAGATGTTGCTGTTTACTACTGTCAGAACGTTCACTCTTTCCCATTCACCTTCGGT GGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGT TATCCTCGAGCGGTACCCAGGTTACCCTGCGTGAATCTGGTCCAGCTCTGGTTAAACCAACCCAGACCCT GACCCTGACCTGTACCGTTTCTGGTTTCTCTCTGTCTGCTTACTCTGTTAACTGGATCCGTCAGCCACCA GGTAAAGCTCTGGAATGGCTGGCTATGATCTGGGGTGATGGTAAAATCGTTTACAACTCTGCTCTGAAAT CTCGTCTGACCATCTCTAAAGATACCTCTAAAAACCAGGTTGTTCTGACCATGACCAACATGGATCCTGT GGACACAGCCACATATTACTGTGCTGGTGATGGTTACTACCCATACGCTATGGATAACTGGGGTCAGGGA ACCCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >2b - mepolizumab dLCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 148) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCAGATT CTCTGGCTGTTTCTCTGGGTGAACGTGCTACCATCAACTGCAAATCTTCTCAGTCTCTGCTGAACTCTGG TAACCAGAAAAACTACCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGCCACCAAAACTGCTGATCTACaga gaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctGGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTT CACCCTGACCATCTCTTCTCTGCAGGCTGAAGATGTTGCTGTTTACTACTGTCAGAACGTTCACTCTTTC CCATTCACCTTCGGTGGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATG TATACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCGAGCGGTACCCAGGTTACCCTGCGTGAATCTGGTCCAGCTCTGGTTAA ACCAACCCAGACCCTGACCCTGACCTGTACCGTTTCTGGTTTCTCTCTGTCTGCTTACTCTGTTAACTGG ATCCGTCAGCCACCAGGTAAAGCTCTGGAATGGCTGGCTATGATCTGGGGTGATGGTAAAATCGTTTACA ACTCTGCTCTGAAATCTCGTCTGACCATCTCTAAAGATACCTCTAAAAACCAGGTTGTTCTGACCATGAC CAACATGGATCCTGTGGACACAGCCACATATTACTGTGCTGGTGATGGTTACTACCCATACGCTATGGAT AACTGGGGTCAGGGAACCCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgg gc >2c - mepolizumab dLCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 149) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCAGATT CTCTGGCTGTTTCTCTGGGTGAACGTGCTACCATCAACTGCAAATCTTCTCAGTCTCTGCTGAACTCTGG TAACCAGAAAAACTACCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGCCACCAAAACTGCTGATCTACGGT GCTTCTACCCGTGAATCTGGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGA CCATCTCTTCTCTGCAGGCTGAAGATGTTGCTGTTTACTACTGTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtc tctTTCGGTGGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACT ATACGAAGTTATCCTCGAGCGGTACCCAGGTTACCCTGCGTGAATCTGGTCCAGCTCTGGTTAAACCAAC CCAGACCCTGACCCTGACCTGTACCGTTTCTGGTTTCTCTCTGTCTGCTTACTCTGTTAACTGGATCCGT CAGCCACCAGGTAAAGCTCTGGAATGGCTGGCTATGATCTGGGGTGATGGTAAAATCGTTTACAACTCTG CTCTGAAATCTCGTCTGACCATCTCTAAAGATACCTCTAAAAACCAGGTTGTTCTGACCATGACCAACAT GGATCCTGTGGACACAGCCACATATTACTGTGCTGGTGATGGTTACTACCCATACGCTATGGATAACTGG GGTCAGGGAACCCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >2d - mepolizumab dHCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 150) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCAGATT CTCTGGCTGTTTCTCTGGGTGAACGTGCTACCATCAACTGCAAATCTTCTCAGTCTCTGCTGAACTCTGG TAACCAGAAAAACTACCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGCCACCAAAACTGCTGATCTACGGT TTCTACCCGTGAATCTGGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGA CCATCTCTTCTCTGCAGGCTGAAGATGTTGCTGTTTACTACTGTCAGAACGTTCACTCTTTCCCATTCAC CTTCGGTGGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTAT ACGAAGTTATCCTCGAGCGGTACCCAGGTTACCCTGCGTGAATCTGGTCCAGCTCTGGTTAAACCAACCC AGACCCTGACCCTGACCTGTACCGTTTCTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctGTTAACTGGATC CGTCAGCCACCAGGTAAAGCTCTGGAATGGCTGGCTATGATCTGGGGTGATGGTAAAATCGTTTACAACT CTGCTCTGAAATCTCGTCTGACCATCTCTAAAGATACCTCTAAAAACCAGGTTGTTCTGACCATGACCAA CATGGATCCTGTGGACACAGCCACATATTACTGTGCTGGTGATGGTTACTACCCATACGCTATGGATAAC TGGGGTCAGGGAACCCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >2e - mepolizumab dHCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 151) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCAGATT CTCTGGCTGTTTCTCTGGGTGAACGTGCTACCATCAACTGCAAATCTTCTCAGTCTCTGCTGAACTCTGG TAACCAGAAAAACTACCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGCCACCAAAACTGCTGATCTACGGT GCTTCTACCCGTGAATCTGGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGA CCATCTCTTCTCTGCAGGCTGAAGATGTTGCTGTTTACTACTGTCAGAACGTTCACTCTTTCCCATTCAC CTTCGGTGGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTAT ACGAAGTTATCCTCGAGCGGTACCCAGGTTACCCTGCGTGAATCTGGTCCAGCTCTGGTTAAACCAACCC AGACCCTGACCCTGACCTGTACCGTTTCTGGTTTCTCTCTGTCTGCTTACTCTGTTAACTGGATCCGTCA GCCACCAGGTAAAGCTCTGGAATGGCTGGCTATGagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctATCGTTT ACAACTCTGCTCTGAAATCTCGTCTGACCATCTCTAAAGATACCTCTAAAAACCAGGTTGTTCTGACCAT GACCAACATGGATCCTGTGGACACAGCCACATATTACTGTGCTGGTGATGGTTACTACCCATACGCTATG GATAACTGGGGTCAGGGAACCCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgc tgggc >2f - mepolizumab dHCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 152) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCAGATT CTCTGGCTGTTTCTCTGGGTGAACGTGCTACCATCAACTGCAAATCTTCTCAGTCTCTGCTGAACTCTGG TAACCAGAAAAACTACCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGCCACCAAAACTGCTGATCTACGGT GCTTCTACCCGTGAATCTGGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGA CCATCTCTTCTCTGCAGGCTGAAGATGTTGCTGTTTACTACTGTCAGAACGTTCACTCTTTCCCATTCAC CTTCGGTGGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTAT ACGAAGTTATCCTCGAGCGGTACCCAGGTTACCCTGCGTGAATCTGGTCCAGCTCTGGTTAAACCAACCC AGACCCTGACCCTGACCTGTACCGTTTCTGGTTTCTCTCTGTCTGCTTACTCTGTTAACTGGATCCGTCA GCCACCAGGTAAAGCTCTGGAATGGCTGGCTATGATCTGGGGTGATGGTAAAATCGTTTACAACTCTGCT CTGAAATCTCGTCTGACCATCTCTAAAGATACCTCTAAAAACCAGGTTGTTCTGACCATGACCAACATGG ATCCTGTGGACACAGCCACATATTACTGTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctGGAACCCTGGTC ACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >3 - crenezumab (SEQ ID NO: 153) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCACTGT CTCTGCCAGTTACCCCAGGTGAACCAGCTTCTATTTCTTGTCGTTCTTCTCAGTCTCTGGTTTACTCTAA CGGTGATACCTACCTGCACTGGTACCTGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGTCTCCACAGCTGCTGATCTACAAAGTT TCTAACCGTTTCTCTGGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGAAAA TCTCTCGTGTTGAAGCTGAAGATGTTGGTGTTTACTACTGTTCTCAGTCTACCCACGTTCCATGGACCTT CGGTGGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACG AAGTTATCCTCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTGAATCTGGTGGTGGTCTGGTTCAGCCAGGTGGTT CTCTGCGTCTGTCTTGTGCTGCTTCTGGTTTCACCTTCTCTTCTTACGGTATGTCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGC TCCAGGTAAAGGTCTGGAACTGGTTGCTTCTATCAACTCTAACGGTGGTTCTACCTACTACCCAGATTCT GTTAAAGGTCGTTTCACCATCTCTCGTGATAACGCTAAAAACTCTCTGTACCTGCAGATGAACTCTCTGC GTGCCGAGGACACGGCTGTGTATTACTGTGCTTCTGGTGATTACTGGGGTCAGGGGACCACGGTCACCGT CTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >3a - crenezumab dLCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 154) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCACTGT CTCTGCCAGTTACCCCAGGTGAACCAGCTTCTATTTCTTGTCGTTCTTCTagagaccatggccagtaagg ccggtctctCTGCACTGGTACCTGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGTCTCCACAGCTGCTGATCTACAAAGTTTCTA ACCGTTTCTCTGGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGAAAATCTC TCGTGTTGAAGCTGAAGATGTTGGTGTTTACTACTGTTCTCAGTCTACCCACGTTCCATGGACCTTCGGT GGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGT TATCCTCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTGAATCTGGTGGTGGTCTGGTTCAGCCAGGTGGTTCTCT GCGTCTGTCTTGTGCTGCTTCTGGTTTCACCTTCTCTTCTTACGGTATGTCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGCTCCA GGTAAAGGTCTGGAACTGGTTGCTTCTATCAACTCTAACGGTGGTTCTACCTACTACCCAGATTCTGTTA AAGGTCGTTTCACCATCTCTCGTGATAACGCTAAAAACTCTCTGTACCTGCAGATGAACTCTCTGCGTGC CGAGGACACGGCTGTGTATTACTGTGCTTCTGGTGATTACTGGGGTCAGGGGACCACGGTCACCGTCTCC TCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >3b - crenezumab dLCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 155) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCACTGT CTCTGCCAGTTACCCCAGGTGAACCAGCTTCTATTTCTTGTCGTTCTTCTCAGTCTCTGGTTTACTCTAA CGGTGATACCTACCTGCACTGGTACCTGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGTCTCCACAGCTGCTGATCTACagagac catggccagtaaggccggtctctGGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCAC CCTGAAAATCTCTCGTGTTGAAGCTGAAGATGTTGGTGTTTACTACTGTTCTCAGTCTACCCACGTTCCA TGGACCTTCGGTGGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTAT ACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTGAATCTGGTGGTGGTCTGGTTCAGCC AGGTGGTTCTCTGCGTCTGTCTTGTGCTGCTTCTGGTTTCACCTTCTCTTCTTACGGTATGTCTTGGGTT CGTCAGGCTCCAGGTAAAGGTCTGGAACTGGTTGCTTCTATCAACTCTAACGGTGGTTCTACCTACTACC CAGATTCTGTTAAAGGTCGTTTCACCATCTCTCGTGATAACGCTAAAAACTCTCTGTACCTGCAGATGAA CTCTCTGCGTGCCGAGGACACGGCTGTGTATTACTGTGCTTCTGGTGATTACTGGGGTCAGGGGACCACG GTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >3c - crenezumab dLCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 156) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCACTGT CTCTGCCAGTTACCCCAGGTGAACCAGCTTCTATTTCTTGTCGTTCTTCTCAGTCTCTGGTTTACTCTAA CGGTGATACCTACCTGCACTGGTACCTGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGTCTCCACAGCTGCTGATCTACAAAGTT TCTAACCGTTTCTCTGGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGAAAA TCTCTCGTGTTGAAGCTGAAGATGTTGGTGTTTACTACTGTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctct TTCGGTGGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATA CGAAGTTATCCTCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTGAATCTGGTGGTGGTCTGGTTCAGCCAGGTGG TTCTCTGCGTCTGTCTTGTGCTGCTTCTGGTTTCACCTTCTCTTCTTACGGTATGTCTTGGGTTCGTCAG GCTCCAGGTAAAGGTCTGGAACTGGTTGCTTCTATCAACTCTAACGGTGGTTCTACCTACTACCCAGATT CTGTTAAAGGTCGTTTCACCATCTCTCGTGATAACGCTAAAAACTCTCTGTACCTGCAGATGAACTCTCT GCGTGCCGAGGACACGGCTGTGTATTACTGTGCTTCTGGTGATTACTGGGGTCAGGGGACCACGGTCACC GTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >3d - crenezumab dHCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 157) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCACTGT CTCTGCCAGTTACCCCAGGTGAACCAGCTTCTATTTCTTGTCGTTCTTCTCAGTCTCTGGTTTACTCTAA CGGTGATACCTACCTGCACTGGTACCTGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGTCTCCACAGCTGCTGATCTACAAAGTT TCTAACCGTTTCTCTGGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGAAAA TCTCTCGTGTTGAAGCTGAAGATGTTGGTGTTTACTACTGTTCTCAGTCTACCCACGTTCCATGGACCTT CGGTGGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACG AAGTTATCCTCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTGAATCTGGTGGTGGTCTGGTTCAGCCAGGTGGTT CTCTGCGTCTGTCTTGTGCTGCTTCTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctATGTCTTGGGTTCGT CAGGCTCCAGGTAAAGGTCTGGAACTGGTTGCTTCTATCAACTCTAACGGTGGTTCTACCTACTACCCAG ATTCTGTTAAAGGTCGTTTCACCATCTCTCGTGATAACGCTAAAAACTCTCTGTACCTGCAGATGAACTC TCTGCGTGCCGAGGACACGGCTGTGTATTACTGTGCTTCTGGTGATTACTGGGGTCAGGGGACCACGGTC ACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >3e - crenezumab dHCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 158) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCACTGT CTCTGCCAGTTACCCCAGGTGAACCAGCTTCTATTTCTTGTCGTTCTTCTCAGTCTCTGGTTTACTCTAA CGGTGATACCTACCTGCACTGGTACCTGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGTCTCCACAGCTGCTGATCTACAAAGTT TCTAACCGTTTCTCTGGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGAAAA TCTCTCGTGTTGAAGCTGAAGATGTTGGTGTTTACTACTGTTCTCAGTCTACCCACGTTCCATGGACCTT CGGTGGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACG AAGTTATCCTCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTGAATCTGGTGGTGGTCTGGTTCAGCCAGGTGGTT CTCTGCGTCTGTCTTGTGCTGCTTCTGGTTTCACCTTCTCTTCTTACGGTATGTCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGC TCCAGGTAAAGGTCTGGAACTGGTTGCTTCTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctTACTACCCAG ATTCTGTTAAAGGTCGTTTCACCATCTCTCGTGATAACGCTAAAAACTCTCTGTACCTGCAGATGAACTC TCTGCGTGCCGAGGACACGGCTGTGTATTACTGTGCTTCTGGTGATTACTGGGGTCAGGGGACCACGGTC ACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >3f - crenezumab dHCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 159) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGATATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCACTGT CTCTGCCAGTTACCCCAGGTGAACCAGCTTCTATTTCTTGTCGTTCTTCTCAGTCTCTGGTTTACTCTAA CGGTGATACCTACCTGCACTGGTACCTGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGTCTCCACAGCTGCTGATCTACAAAGTT TCTAACCGTTTCTCTGGTGTTCCAGATCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGAAAA TCTCTCGTGTTGAAGCTGAAGATGTTGGTGTTTACTACTGTTCTCAGTCTACCCACGTTCCATGGACCTT CGGTGGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACG AAGTTATCCTCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTGAATCTGGTGGTGGTCTGGTTCAGCCAGGTGGTT CTCTGCGTCTGTCTTGTGCTGCTTCTGGTTTCACCTTCTCTTCTTACGGTATGTCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGC TCCAGGTAAAGGTCTGGAACTGGTTGCTTCTATCAACTCTAACGGTGGTTCTACCTACTACCCAGATTCT GTTAAAGGTCGTTTCACCATCTCTCGTGATAACGCTAAAAACTCTCTGTACCTGCAGATGAACTCTCTGC GTGCCGAGGACACGGCTGTGTATTACTGTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctGGGACCACGGTC ACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >4 - necitumumab (SEQ ID NO: 160) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAAATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCAGCTA CCCTGTCTCTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGTCTGTTTCTTCTTACCT GGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTACGATGCTTCTAACCGTGCTACC GGTATCCCAGCTCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCTCTTCTCTGGAAC CAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGTCACCAGTACGGTTCTACCCCACTGACCTTCGGTGGTGGTACCAA AGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCGAGC GGTACCCAGGTTCAGCTGCAGGAATCTGGTCCAGGTCTGGTTAAACCATCTCAGACCCTGTCTCTGACCT GTACCGTTTCTGGTGGTTCTATCTCTTCTGGTGATTACTACTGGTCTTGGATCCGTCAGCCACCAGGTAA AGGTCTGGAATGGATCGGTTACATCTACTACTCTGGTTCTACCGATTACAACCCATCTCTGAAATCTCGT GTTACCATGTCTGTTGATACCTCTAAAAACCAGTTCTCTCTGAAAGTTAACTCTGTTACCGCCGCGGACA CGGCTGTGTATTACTGTGCTCGTGTTTCTATCTTCGGTGTTGGTACCTTCGATTACTGGGGTCAGGGAAC CCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >4a - necitumumab dLCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 161) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAAATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCAGCTA CCCTGTCTCTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCTagagaccatggccagtaagg ccggtctctCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTACGATGCTTCTA ACCGTGCTACCGGTATCCCAGCTCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCTC TTCTCTGGAACCAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGTCACCAGTACGGTTCTACCCCACTGACCTTCGGT GGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGT TATCCTCGAGCGGTACCCAGGTTCAGCTGCAGGAATCTGGTCCAGGTCTGGTTAAACCATCTCAGACCCT GTCTCTGACCTGTACCGTTTCTGGTGGTTCTATCTCTTCTGGTGATTACTACTGGTCTTGGATCCGTCAG CCACCAGGTAAAGGTCTGGAATGGATCGGTTACATCTACTACTCTGGTTCTACCGATTACAACCCATCTC TGAAATCTCGTGTTACCATGTCTGTTGATACCTCTAAAAACCAGTTCTCTCTGAAAGTTAACTCTGTTAC CGCCGCGGACACGGCTGTGTATTACTGTGCTCGTGTTTCTATCTTCGGTGTTGGTACCTTCGATTACTGG GGTCAGGGAACCCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >4b - necitumumab dLCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 162) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAAATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCAGCTA CCCTGTCTCTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGTCTGTTTCTTCTTACCT GGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTACagagaccatggccagtaaggc cggtctctGGTATCCCAGCTCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCTCTTC TCTGGAACCAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGTCACCAGTACGGTTCTACCCCACTGACCTTCGGTGGT GGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTAT CCTCGAGCGGTACCCAGGTTCAGCTGCAGGAATCTGGTCCAGGTCTGGTTAAACCATCTCAGACCCTGTC TCTGACCTGTACCGTTTCTGGTGGTTCTATCTCTTCTGGTGATTACTACTGGTCTTGGATCCGTCAGCCA CCAGGTAAAGGTCTGGAATGGATCGGTTACATCTACTACTCTGGTTCTACCGATTACAACCCATCTCTGA AATCTCGTGTTACCATGTCTGTTGATACCTCTAAAAACCAGTTCTCTCTGAAAGTTAACTCTGTTACCGC CGCGGACACGGCTGTGTATTACTGTGCTCGTGTTTCTATCTTCGGTGTTGGTACCTTCGATTACTGGGGT CAGGGAACCCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >4c - necitumumab dLCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 163) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAAATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCAGCTA CCCTGTCTCTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGTCTGTTTCTTCTTACCT GGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTACGATGCTTCTAACCGTGCTACC GGTATCCCAGCTCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCTCTTCTCTGGAAC CAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctTTCGGTGGTGGTACC AAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCGA GCGGTACCCAGGTTCAGCTGCAGGAATCTGGTCCAGGTCTGGTTAAACCATCTCAGACCCTGTCTCTGAC CTGTACCGTTTCTGGTGGTTCTATCTCTTCTGGTGATTACTACTGGTCTTGGATCCGTCAGCCACCAGGT AAAGGTCTGGAATGGATCGGTTACATCTACTACTCTGGTTCTACCGATTACAACCCATCTCTGAAATCTC GTGTTACCATGTCTGTTGATACCTCTAAAAACCAGTTCTCTCTGAAAGTTAACTCTGTTACCGCCGCGGA CACGGCTGTGTATTACTGTGCTCGTGTTTCTATCTTCGGTGTTGGTACCTTCGATTACTGGGGTCAGGGA ACCCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >4d - necitumumab dHCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 164) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAAATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCAGCTA CCCTGTCTCTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGTCTGTTTCTTCTTACCT GGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTACGATGCTTCTAACCGTGCTACC GGTATCCCAGCTCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCTCTTCTCTGGAAC CAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGTCACCAGTACGGTTCTACCCCACTGACCTTCGGTGGTGGTACCAA AGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCGAGC GGTACCCAGGTTCAGCTGCAGGAATCTGGTCCAGGTCTGGTTAAACCATCTCAGACCCTGTCTCTGACCT GTACCGTTTCTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctTGGTCTTGGATCCGTCAGCCACCAGGTAAA GGTCTGGAATGGATCGGTTACATCTACTACTCTGGTTCTACCGATTACAACCCATCTCTGAAATCTCGTG TTACCATGTCTGTTGATACCTCTAAAAACCAGTTCTCTCTGAAAGTTAACTCTGTTACCGCCGCGGACAC GGCTGTGTATTACTGTGCTCGTGTTTCTATCTTCGGTGTTGGTACCTTCGATTACTGGGGTCAGGGAACC CTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >4e - necitumumab dHCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 165) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAAATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCAGCTA CCCTGTCTCTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGTCTGTTTCTTCTTACCT GGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTACGATGCTTCTAACCGTGCTACC GGTATCCCAGCTCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCTCTTCTCTGGAAC CAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGTCACCAGTACGGTTCTACCCCACTGACCTTCGGTGGTGGTACCAA AGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCGAGC GGTACCCAGGTTCAGCTGCAGGAATCTGGTCCAGGTCTGGTTAAACCATCTCAGACCCTGTCTCTGACCT GTACCGTTTCTGGTGGTTCTATCTCTTCTGGTGATTACTACTGGTCTTGGATCCGTCAGCCACCAGGTAA AGGTCTGGAATGGATCGGTTACagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctGATTACAACCCATCTCTGA AATCTCGTGTTACCATGTCTGTTGATACCTCTAAAAACCAGTTCTCTCTGAAAGTTAACTCTGTTACCGC CGCGGACACGGCTGTGTATTACTGTGCTCGTGTTTCTATCTTCGGTGTTGGTACCTTCGATTACTGGGGT CAGGGAACCCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >4f - necitumumab dHCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 166) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAAATCGTTATGACCCAGTCTCCAGCTA CCCTGTCTCTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGTCTGTTTCTTCTTACCT GGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTACGATGCTTCTAACCGTGCTACC GGTATCCCAGCTCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCTCTTCTCTGGAAC CAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGTCACCAGTACGGTTCTACCCCACTGACCTTCGGTGGTGGTACCAA AGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCGAGC GGTACCCAGGTTCAGCTGCAGGAATCTGGTCCAGGTCTGGTTAAACCATCTCAGACCCTGTCTCTGACCT GTACCGTTTCTGGTGGTTCTATCTCTTCTGGTGATTACTACTGGTCTTGGATCCGTCAGCCACCAGGTAA AGGTCTGGAATGGATCGGTTACATCTACTACTCTGGTTCTACCGATTACAACCCATCTCTGAAATCTCGT GTTACCATGTCTGTTGATACCTCTAAAAACCAGTTCTCTCTGAAAGTTAACTCTGTTACCGCCGCGGACA CGGCTGTGTATTACTGTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctGGAACCCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCA gctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >5 - anifrolumab (SEQ ID NO: 167) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAAATCGTTCTGACCCAGTCTCCAGGTA CCCTGTCTCTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGTCTGTTTCTTCTTCTTT CCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTACGGTGCTTCTTCTCGTGCT ACCGGTATCCCAGATCGTCTGTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCACCCGTCTGG AACCAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGTCAGCAGTACGATTCTTCTGCTATCACCTTCGGTGGTGGTAC CAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCG AGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGAATCTCTGAAAATCT CTTGTAAAGGTTCTGGTTACATCTTCACCAACTACTGGATCGCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGTTCCAGGTAAAGG TCTGGAATCTATGGGTATCATCTACCCAGGTGATTCTGATATCCGTTACTCTCCATCTTTCCAGGGTCAG GTTACCATCTCTGCTGATAAATCTATCACCACCGCTTACCTGCAGTGGTCTTCTCTGAAAGCCTCGGACA CCGCCATTTATTACTGTGCTCGTCACGATATCGAAGGTTTCGATTACTGGGGTCGTGGAACCCTGGTCAC CGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >5a - anifrolumab dLCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 168) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAAATCGTTCTGACCCAGTCTCCAGGTA CCCTGTCTCTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCTagagaccatggccagtaagg ccggtctctCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTACGGTGCTTCTT CTCGTGCTACCGGTATCCCAGATCGTCTGTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCAC CCGTCTGGAACCAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGTCAGCAGTACGATTCTTCTGCTATCACCTTCGGT GGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGT TATCCTCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGAATCTCT GAAAATCTCTTGTAAAGGTTCTGGTTACATCTTCACCAACTACTGGATCGCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGTTCCA GGTAAAGGTCTGGAATCTATGGGTATCATCTACCCAGGTGATTCTGATATCCGTTACTCTCCATCTTTCC AGGGTCAGGTTACCATCTCTGCTGATAAATCTATCACCACCGCTTACCTGCAGTGGTCTTCTCTGAAAGC CTCGGACACCGCCATTTATTACTGTGCTCGTCACGATATCGAAGGTTTCGATTACTGGGGTCGTGGAACC CTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >5b - anifrolumab dLCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 169) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAAATCGTTCTGACCCAGTCTCCAGGTA CCCTGTCTCTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGTCTGTTTCTTCTTCTTT CCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTACagagaccatggccagtaa ggccggtctctGGTATCCCAGATCGTCTGTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCAC CCGTCTGGAACCAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGTCAGCAGTACGATTCTTCTGCTATCACCTTCGGT GGTGGTACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGT TATCCTCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGAATCTCT GAAAATCTCTTGTAAAGGTTCTGGTTACATCTTCACCAACTACTGGATCGCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGTTCCA GGTAAAGGTCTGGAATCTATGGGTATCATCTACCCAGGTGATTCTGATATCCGTTACTCTCCATCTTTCC AGGGTCAGGTTACCATCTCTGCTGATAAATCTATCACCACCGCTTACCTGCAGTGGTCTTCTCTGAAAGC CTCGGACACCGCCATTTATTACTGTGCTCGTCACGATATCGAAGGTTTCGATTACTGGGGTCGTGGAACC CTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >5c - anifrolumab dLCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 170) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAAATCGTTCTGACCCAGTCTCCAGGTA CCCTGTCTCTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGTCTGTTTCTTCTTCTTT CCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTACGGTGCTTCTTCTCGTGCT ACCGGTATCCCAGATCGTCTGTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCACCCGTCTGG AACCAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctTTCGGTGGTGGT ACCAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCCT CGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGAATCTCTGAAAAT CTCTTGTAAAGGTTCTGGTTACATCTTCACCAACTACTGGATCGCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGTTCCAGGTAAA GGTCTGGAATCTATGGGTATCATCTACCCAGGTGATTCTGATATCCGTTACTCTCCATCTTTCCAGGGTC AGGTTACCATCTCTGCTGATAAATCTATCACCACCGCTTACCTGCAGTGGTCTTCTCTGAAAGCCTCGGA CACCGCCATTTATTACTGTGCTCGTCACGATATCGAAGGTTTCGATTACTGGGGTCGTGGAACCCTGGTC ACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >5d - anifrolumab dHCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 171) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAAATCGTTCTGACCCAGTCTCCAGGTA CCCTGTCTCTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGTCTGTTTCTTCTTCTTT CCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTACGGTGCTTCTTCTCGTGCT ACCGGTATCCCAGATCGTCTGTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCACCCGTCTGG AACCAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGTCAGCAGTACGATTCTTCTGCTATCACCTTCGGTGGTGGTAC CAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCG AGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGAATCTCTGAAAATCT CTTGTAAAGGTTCTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctATCGCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGTTCCAGGT AAAGGTCTGGAATCTATGGGTATCATCTACCCAGGTGATTCTGATATCCGTTACTCTCCATCTTTCCAGG GTCAGGTTACCATCTCTGCTGATAAATCTATCACCACCGCTTACCTGCAGTGGTCTTCTCTGAAAGCCTC GGACACCGCCATTTATTACTGTGCTCGTCACGATATCGAAGGTTTCGATTACTGGGGTCGTGGAACCCTG GTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >5e - anifrolumab dHCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 172) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAAATCGTTCTGACCCAGTCTCCAGGTA CCCTGTCTCTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGTCTGTTTCTTCTTCTTT CCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTACGGTGCTTCTTCTCGTGCT ACCGGTATCCCAGATCGTCTGTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCACCCGTCTGG AACCAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGTCAGCAGTACGATTCTTCTGCTATCACCTTCGGTGGTGGTAC CAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCG AGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGAATCTCTGAAAATCT CTTGTAAAGGTTCTGGTTACATCTTCACCAACTACTGGATCGCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGTTCCAGGTAAAGG TCTGGAATCTATGGGTATCagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctCGTTACTCTCCATCTTTCCAGG GTCAGGTTACCATCTCTGCTGATAAATCTATCACCACCGCTTACCTGCAGTGGTCTTCTCTGAAAGCCTC GACACCGCCATTTATTACTGTGCTCGTCACGATATCGAAGGTTTCGATTACTGGGGTCGTGGAACCCTG GTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >5f - anifrolumab dHCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 173) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAAATCGTTCTGACCCAGTCTCCAGGTA CCCTGTCTCTGTCTCCAGGTGAACGTGCCACTCTGTCTTGTCGTGCTTCTCAGTCTGTTTCTTCTTCTTT CCTGGCTTGGTACCAGCAGAAACCAGGTCAGGCTCCACGTCTGCTGATCTACGGTGCTTCTTCTCGTGCT ACCGGTATCCCAGATCGTCTGTCTGGTTCTGGTTCTGGTACCGATTTCACCCTGACCATCACCCGTCTGG AACCAGAAGATTTCGCTGTTTACTACTGTCAGCAGTACGATTCTTCTGCTATCACCTTCGGTGGTGGTAC CAAAGTTGAAATCAAATCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCCTCG AGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGAATCTCTGAAAATCT CTTGTAAAGGTTCTGGTTACATCTTCACCAACTACTGGATCGCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGTTCCAGGTAAAGG TCTGGAATCTATGGGTATCATCTACCCAGGTGATTCTGATATCCGTTACTCTCCATCTTTCCAGGGTCAG GTTACCATCTCTGCTGATAAATCTATCACCACCGCTTACCTGCAGTGGTCTTCTCTGAAAGCCTCGGACA CCGCCATTTATTACTGTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctGGAACCCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCA gctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >6 - evolocumab (SEQ ID NO: 174) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAATCTGCTCTGACCCAGCCAGCTTCTG TTTCTGGTTCTCCAGGTCAGTCTATCACCATCTCTTGTACCGGTACCTCTTCTGATGTTGGTGGTTACAA CTCTGTTTCTTGGTACCAGCAGCACCCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGATGATCTACGAAGTTTCTAACCGT CCATCTGGTGTTTCTAACCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTAAATCTGGTAACACCGCTTCTCTGACCATCTCTGGTC TGCAGGCTGAAGATGAAGCTGATTACTACTGTAACTCTTACACCTCTACCTCTATGGTTTTCGGTGGTGG TACCAAACTGACCGTTCTGTCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCC TCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGCTTCTGTTAAAG TTTCTTGTAAAGCTTCTGGTTACACCCTGACCTCTTACGGTATCTCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGCTCCAGGTCA GGGTCTGGAATGGATGGGTTGGGTTTCTTTCTACAACGGTAACACCAACTACGCTCAGAAACTGCAGGGT CGTGGTACCATGACCACCGATCCATCTACCTCTACCGCTTACATGGAACTGCGTTCTCTGCGTTCTGACG ACACGGCCGTGTATTACTGTGCTCGTGGTTACGGTATGGATGTTTGGGGTCAGGGGACCACGGTCACCGT CTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >6a - evolocumab dLCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 175) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAATCTGCTCTGACCCAGCCAGCTTCTG TTTCTGGTTCTCCAGGTCAGTCTATCACCATCTCTTGTACCGGTACCagagaccatggccagtaaggccg gtctctGTTTCTTGGTACCAGCAGCACCCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGATGATCTACGAAGTTTCTAACC GTCCATCTGGTGTTTCTAACCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTAAATCTGGTAACACCGCTTCTCTGACCATCTCTGG TCTGCAGGCTGAAGATGAAGCTGATTACTACTGTAACTCTTACACCTCTACCTCTATGGTTTTCGGTGGT GGTACCAAACTGACCGTTCTGTCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTAT CCTCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGCTTCTGTTAA AGTTTCTTGTAAAGCTTCTGGTTACACCCTGACCTCTTACGGTATCTCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGCTCCAGGT CAGGGTCTGGAATGGATGGGTTGGGTTTCTTTCTACAACGGTAACACCAACTACGCTCAGAAACTGCAGG GTCGTGGTACCATGACCACCGATCCATCTACCTCTACCGCTTACATGGAACTGCGTTCTCTGCGTTCTGA CGACACGGCCGTGTATTACTGTGCTCGTGGTTACGGTATGGATGTTTGGGGTCAGGGGACCACGGTCACC GTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >6b - evolocumab dLCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 176) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAATCTGCTCTGACCCAGCCAGCTTCTG TTTCTGGTTCTCCAGGTCAGTCTATCACCATCTCTTGTACCGGTACCTCTTCTGATGTTGGTGGTTACAA CTCTGTTTCTTGGTACCAGCAGCACCCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGATGATCTACagagaccatggccag taaggccggtctctGGTGTTTCTAACCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTAAATCTGGTAACACCGCTTCTCTGACCAT CTCTGGTCTGCAGGCTGAAGATGAAGCTGATTACTACTGTAACTCTTACACCTCTACCTCTATGGTTTTC GGTGGTGGTACCAAACTGACCGTTCTGTCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGA AGTTATCCTCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGCTTC TGTTAAAGTTTCTTGTAAAGCTTCTGGTTACACCCTGACCTCTTACGGTATCTCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGCT CCAGGTCAGGGTCTGGAATGGATGGGTTGGGTTTCTTTCTACAACGGTAACACCAACTACGCTCAGAAAC TGCAGGGTCGTGGTACCATGACCACCGATCCATCTACCTCTACCGCTTACATGGAACTGCGTTCTCTGCG TTCTGACGACACGGCCGTGTATTACTGTGCTCGTGGTTACGGTATGGATGTTTGGGGTCAGGGGACCACG GTCACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >6c - evolocumab dLCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 177) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAATCTGCTCTGACCCAGCCAGCTTCTG TTTCTGGTTCTCCAGGTCAGTCTATCACCATCTCTTGTACCGGTACCTCTTCTGATGTTGGTGGTTACAA CTCTGTTTCTTGGTACCAGCAGCACCCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGATGATCTACGAAGTTTCTAACCGT CCATCTGGTGTTTCTAACCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTAAATCTGGTAACACCGCTTCTCTGACCATCTCTGGTC TGCAGGCTGAAGATGAAGCTGATTACTACTGTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctTTCGGTGGT GGTACCAAACTGACCGTTCTGTCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTAT CCTCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGCTTCTGTTAA AGTTTCTTGTAAAGCTTCTGGTTACACCCTGACCTCTTACGGTATCTCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGCTCCAGGT CAGGGTCTGGAATGGATGGGTTGGGTTTCTTTCTACAACGGTAACACCAACTACGCTCAGAAACTGCAGG GTCGTGGTACCATGACCACCGATCCATCTACCTCTACCGCTTACATGGAACTGCGTTCTCTGCGTTCTGA CGACACGGCCGTGTATTACTGTGCTCGTGGTTACGGTATGGATGTTTGGGGTCAGGGGACCACGGTCACC GTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >6d - evolocumab dHCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 178) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAATCTGCTCTGACCCAGCCAGCTTCTG TTTCTGGTTCTCCAGGTCAGTCTATCACCATCTCTTGTACCGGTACCTCTTCTGATGTTGGTGGTTACAA CTCTGTTTCTTGGTACCAGCAGCACCCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGATGATCTACGAAGTTTCTAACCGT CCATCTGGTGTTTCTAACCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTAAATCTGGTAACACCGCTTCTCTGACCATCTCTGGTC TGCAGGCTGAAGATGAAGCTGATTACTACTGTAACTCTTACACCTCTACCTCTATGGTTTTCGGTGGTGG TACCAAACTGACCGTTCTGTCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCC TCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGCTTCTGTTAAAG TTTCTTGTAAAGCTTCTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctATCTCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGCTCCA GGTCAGGGTCTGGAATGGATGGGTTGGGTTTCTTTCTACAACGGTAACACCAACTACGCTCAGAAACTGC AGGGTCGTGGTACCATGACCACCGATCCATCTACCTCTACCGCTTACATGGAACTGCGTTCTCTGCGTTC TGACGACACGGCCGTGTATTACTGTGCTCGTGGTTACGGTATGGATGTTTGGGGTCAGGGGACCACGGTC ACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >6e - evolocumab dHCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 179) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAATCTGCTCTGACCCAGCCAGCTTCTG TTTCTGGTTCTCCAGGTCAGTCTATCACCATCTCTTGTACCGGTACCTCTTCTGATGTTGGTGGTTACAA CTCTGTTTCTTGGTACCAGCAGCACCCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGATGATCTACGAAGTTTCTAACCGT CCATCTGGTGTTTCTAACCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTAAATCTGGTAACACCGCTTCTCTGACCATCTCTGGTC TGCAGGCTGAAGATGAAGCTGATTACTACTGTAACTCTTACACCTCTACCTCTATGGTTTTCGGTGGTGG TACCAAACTGACCGTTCTGTCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCC TCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGCTTCTGTTAAAG TTTCTTGTAAAGCTTCTGGTTACACCCTGACCTCTTACGGTATCTCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGCTCCAGGTCA GGGTCTGGAATGGATGGGTTGGagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctAACTACGCTCAGAAACTGC AGGGTCGTGGTACCATGACCACCGATCCATCTACCTCTACCGCTTACATGGAACTGCGTTCTCTGCGTTC TGACGACACGGCCGTGTATTACTGTGCTCGTGGTTACGGTATGGATGTTTGGGGTCAGGGGACCACGGTC ACCGTCTCCTCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc >6f - evolocumab dHCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 180) cagttagataaaagaggcgcggcagcaagcggcgcgcatgccGAATCTGCTCTGACCCAGCCAGCTTCTG TTTCTGGTTCTCCAGGTCAGTCTATCACCATCTCTTGTACCGGTACCTCTTCTGATGTTGGTGGTTACAA CTCTGTTTCTTGGTACCAGCAGCACCCAGGTAAAGCTCCAAAACTGATGATCTACGAAGTTTCTAACCGT CCATCTGGTGTTTCTAACCGTTTCTCTGGTTCTAAATCTGGTAACACCGCTTCTCTGACCATCTCTGGTC TGCAGGCTGAAGATGAAGCTGATTACTACTGTAACTCTTACACCTCTACCTCTATGGTTTTCGGTGGTGG TACCAAACTGACCGTTCTGTCCGGAGGGTCGACCATAACTTCGTATAATGTATACTATACGAAGTTATCC TCGAGCGGTACCGAAGTTCAGCTGGTTCAGTCTGGTGCTGAAGTTAAAAAACCAGGTGCTTCTGTTAAAG TTTCTTGTAAAGCTTCTGGTTACACCCTGACCTCTTACGGTATCTCTTGGGTTCGTCAGGCTCCAGGTCA GGGTCTGGAATGGATGGGTTGGGTTTCTTTCTACAACGGTAACACCAACTACGCTCAGAAACTGCAGGGT CGTGGTACCATGACCACCGATCCATCTACCTCTACCGCTTACATGGAACTGCGTTCTCTGCGTTCTGACG ACACGGCCGTGTATTACTGTagagaccatggccagtaaggccggtctctGGGACCACGGTCACCGTCTCC TCAgctagcggcaaaccaatcccaaacccactgctgggc

Sequences 1-6 refer to the coding sequence of the exemplary scaffolds as indicated and sequences 1a-1f, 2a-2f, 3a-3f, 4a-4f, 5a-5f, and 6a-6f refer to sequences in which cloning sites were inserted flanking the corresponding CDRs of each exemplary scaffold as indicated.

Using LCDR1 of library 1 as an example, the LCDR1 scaffold vector was digested with BsaI and SfiI leaving a gap at the site of LCDR1, as shown in FIG. 24. The cleaved vector and the collection of LCDR1 oligonucleotides were then transformed into yeast. Inside yeast cells, homologous recombination between the vector and the LCDR1 oligonucleotides results in insertion of the LCDR1 oligonucleotides into the LCDR1 scaffold vector. The entire population of LCDR1 yeast scaffold vectors carrying each of the LCDR1 oligonucleotides identified above constitutes a LCDR1 yeast display library (FIG. 25). For the LCDR1 scaffold vector, all portions of the VH and VL domains are constant except for the LCDR1 that is assessed. Selection for functional LCDR1 was carried out by sorting for display (i.e., expression). After the display of the scFv is induced, the yeast cells are stained with fluorescent-labelled antibody that detects scFv display (using the mAb recognizing the SV5 tag). For CDR1-2 libraries, the populations are analyzed by flow cytometry and sorted by fluorescence activated cell sorting by gating the top 2% most fluorescent cells among the positive population—this ensures the enrichment for CDRs that promote high levels of display. In FIGS. 22A-L, the population after this stringent 2% sorting is indicated as “Replicated natural after filtering”. At least a 10-fold number of cells is sorted as compared to the theoretical diversity to ensure recovery of all possible clones. For LCDR3, after scFv display induction and staining with fluorescent-labelled antibody that detects the scFv display (SV5), the positive population (scFv displaying) is purified using MACS (magnetic-activated cell sorting) employing magnetic nanoparticles that recognize the primary antibody (SV5) used. The higher the level of the scFv display, the higher the probability of the cell binding the nanoparticles—especially when competition is employed by having a number of cells that far exceeds the binding capacity of the nanoparticles, thus, enriching for well displaying sequences, analogously to fluorescence activated cell sorting of the most fluorescent 2% for the CDR1-2 described above. The MACS technique is preferentially employed for LCDR3 due to the capacity of purifying a large number of cells in a short span of time, since the theoretical diversity of the LCDR3 is several fold higher than CDR1-2.

Although scFvs are used in this example for yeast display, the format of CDR-specific scaffold vectors can be VH, VL, scFv, Fab or full-length immunoglobulin, the requirement being that display can be carried out. By sorting libraries of single CDRs cloned into well folded scaffolds, those CDRs that contain stop codons, frameshifts, or are poorly expressed or polyreactive may be eliminated. Effective display on the yeast surface has been previously correlated with improved stability and folding in diverse proteins (Cherf, G. M. and J. R. Cochran (2015). “Applications of Yeast Surface Display for Protein Engineering.” Methods Mol Biol 1319: 155-175; Pavoor, T. V., et al., (2012). “An enhanced approach for engineering thermally stable proteins using yeast display.” Protein engineering, design & selection: PEDS 25(10): 625-630; Pepper, L. R., et al., (2008). “A decade of yeast surface display technology: where are we now?” Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 11(2): 127-134; Xu, L., et al., (2013). “Rapid optimization and prototyping for therapeutic antibody-like molecules.” MAbs 5(2): 237-254). After each CDR library is sorted, a collection of well expressed, non-polyreactive CDRs is obtained by isolating DNA from yeast cells expressing well folded CDRs. Schematic illustrations of how functional CDR libraries are cloned and sorted are shown in FIGS. 23-25. The non-filtered and filtered libraries for the 6 different scaffolds are show in FIGS. 25B-G: the populations are analyzed by flow cytometry and expression levels (x axis) are represented as a histogram. The analysis shows a clear improvement after enrichment (top 2% by fluorescence activated cell sorting for CDRs 1-2, and magnetic activated cell sorting for LCDR3), with most libraries showing display levels exceeding that of the original clinical candidate from which the scaffolds were generated.

In the examples provided here, we have sorted for improved expression levels. However, a similar approach can be taken using any selective method that distinguishes yeast displaying antibodies with desirable properties (e.g. high expression, low polyreactivity, good developability) from yeast displaying antibodies with undesirable properties (e.g. low expression, high polyreactivity, poor developability). For example, to select antibodies with reduced polyreactivity, clones displaying antibodies (scFvs, Fabs, IgGs, or other antibody fragment) that do not bind to polyspecificity reagents would be selected. Examples of such polyspecificity reagents include those described in (Hotzel, I. et al. A strategy for risk mitigation of antibodies with fast clearance. MAbs 4, 753-760, doi:10.4161/mabs.22189 (2012); Xu, Y. et al. Addressing polyspecificity of antibodies selected from an in vitro yeast presentation system: a FACS-based, high-throughput selection and analytical tool. Protein Eng Des Sel 26, 663-670, doi:10.1093/protein/gzt047 (2013); Kelly, R. L. et al. Chaperone proteins as single component reagents to assess antibody nonspecificity. MAbs 9, 1036-1040, doi:10.1080/19420862.2017.1356529 (2017).)

Example 8: Assembly of Full Length scFv Library

Once each individual CDR library was screened for expression and developability, the VH and VL CDRs were assembled into full length VH or VL domains. Individual CDRs in VL and VH were amplified with the flanking sequence using the primers described in Table 7 and Table 8. This was carried out as illustrated in FIGS. 29-31, with the VH and VL first assembled from their constituent CDR fragments and flanking framework regions, and then combined into complete scFvs or Fabs. An alternative approach would be to assemble each full length VH or VL within the context of their non-modified VL or VH partner chains as illustrated in FIGS. 26-28. This alternative approach would allow sorting (by FACS or MACS) for VH or VL libraries that are functional within the context of their unmodified partner chains. However, we found that the direct assembly of complete scFvs directly from libraries of filtered CDRs led to highly functional scFv libraries without the need for this intermediate step, as illustrated in FIG. 32, which shows that the peak display level of scFvs derived from the clinical antibodies used as scaffolds is similar to that for the corresponding libraries, except that the distribution of library display levels is broader than that of the clinical candidate antibodies used as scaffolds, and includes some scFvs that are displayed better than the parental clinical scaffold scFv. The functional antibody library can be assembled within the context of different display vectors, including phage, yeast or mammalian display vectors.

Example 9: Cloning into a Phage Display Vector (pDAN5)

Once the scFv or Fab libraries were assembled, they were ligated into a phage display vector, such as pDAN5 to explore their functionality. This vector contains a cloning site upstream of the g3 of the filamentous phage, comprised by the restriction enzyme sites for BssHII and Nhel. The scFv/Fabs created in Example 8 were amplified with flanking primers containing the BssHII restriction site upstream of the light chain and the Nhel downstream of the heavy chain. The PCR product was then digested with the same enzymes to generate cohesive ends. The pDAN5 plasmid was cultivated in E. coli, extracted by alkaline lysis and purified by cesium chloride/ethidium bromide gradient. The plasmid was digested with the same enzymes and the backbone purified by agarose gel electrophoresis extraction followed by chromatography to remove contaminants. The backbone was ligated to the scFv/Fab library using T4 DNA ligase overnight at 16° C. The ligation was purified and electrotransformed into electrocompetent E. coli TG1 cells. The transformed cells were plated out on agar plates containing carbenicillin and glucose to select for bacteria that received the plasmid. Analysis of the scFv libraries by PacBio sequencing revealed >90% open reading frames (Table 9), and essentially no clone duplication (Table 10).

TABLE 9 Percentage of open reading frames in scFv libraries as assessed by PacBio sequencing. Library sequences analyzed correct frame ORFs ORF % Lib1 6,510 6,103 6,050 93% Lib2 5,699 5,403 5,355 94% Lib3 7,012 6,623 6,583 94% Lib4 9,168 8,660 8,613 94% Lib5 7,640 7,282 7,242 95% Lib6 5,378 5,027 5,005 93%

TABLE 10 Analysis of library diversity by PacBio. Full- HCDR3 + Length LCDR3 HCDR3 LCDR3 HCDR2 LCDR2 HCDR1 LCDR1 No. Unique reads library reads No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % 1 6000 5998 99.97 5998 99.97 5851 97.52 5679 94.65 1786 29.77 2224 37.07 2158 35.97 1328 22.13 2 5265 5258 99.87 5258 99.87 4740 90.03 4675 88.79 1927 36.60 1796 34.11 2267 43.06 481 9.14 3 6496 6493 99.95 6493 99.95 6300 96.98 5828 89.72 3077 47.37 1329 20.46 3676 56.59 438 6.74 4 8423 8420 99.96 8420 99.96 8137 96.60 7965 94.56 2538 30.13 1355 16.09 2525 29.98 1399 16.61 5 7030 7029 99.99 7015 99.79 6457 91.85 6263 89.09 1780 25.32 1873 26.64 2684 38.18 2090 29.73 6 4899 4898 99.98 4898 99.98 4735 96.65 4725 96.45 1639 33.46 1148 23.43 1833 37.42 1545 31.54

Example 10: Creation of Bacteriophage Particles, Including Western Blot

The transformed bacteria were cultivated in a shaking flask containing liquid 2×YT media+carbenicillin+glucose (the glucose is to inhibit scFv/Fab expression) at 37° C. until an OD600 nm of 0.5 was reached. The bacteria were superinfected with M13K07 helper phage (at a multiplicity of infection of 5) for 30 min at 37° C. without shaking. The bacteria were centrifuged, the media removed and replaced with 2×YT media+carbenicillin+kanamycin and cultivated for 16h at 25° C. in a shaker incubator.

To recover the phage particles, the cultures were centrifuged to separate the bacteria and the supernatant, where the phage is found. The supernatant was mixed with a 20% PEG 8000+2.5 M NaCl solution at a 5:1 ratio. This causes the phage to precipitate, allowing them to be harvested by centrifugation. The supernatant was discarded and the phage pellet was resuspended in a PBS solution. The display of the scFv/Fab by the phage was assessed by SDS-PAGE+western blot using an antibody that specifically recognizes the expression tag (SV5) as show in FIG. 33.

Example 11: Antibody Selection by Combined Phage and Yeast Display Using the Library

After construction and phage particle production, the library was screened against targets of interest. While selection can be carried out using phage display alone (Sblattero, D. & Bradbury, A. Exploiting recombination in single bacteria to make large phage antibody libraries. Nat Biotechnol 18, 75-80 (2000)), we prefer to combine phage and yeast display technologies (Ferrara, F. et al. Using phage and yeast display to select hundreds of monoclonal antibodies: application to antigen 85, a tuberculosis biomarker. PLoS One 7, e49535 (2012)). 10¹² phage particles displaying the scFv library were used in two rounds of selection against the biotinylated recombinant human antigens of clinical interest—interleukin 6, interferon alpha, and GM-CSF—using the Kingfisher magnetic bead system: 2×10⁷ streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads (Dynabeads M-280) coated with the biotinylated proteins (100-400 nM) were washed, coated with the antigen, incubated with the phage particles and washed again to remove non-binders. Phage particles were then eluted by reducing the pH and infecting F′ pilus-carrying bacteria (Ominmax-2T1, Thermo Fisher Scientific). The phages were propagated, and the selection cycle reiterated. After two rounds of phage enrichment, the scFvs were PCR amplified and transferred to an N-terminal yeast display system by homologous recombination (pSpec yeast display vector), in which the scFv is displayed fused to the N terminus of Aga-2. The transformed yeast was then induced for scFv display by adding galactose to the culture media. The induced yeast minilibraries were then used for another two to three rounds of enrichment against the biotinylated recombinant human antigens by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Up to 10,000 yeast cells with positive antigen binding signal were sorted and propagated in each round. Target concentration in the first sorting round was 100 nM, reduced to 10 nM and then 1 nM. After these rounds of phage and yeast sorting enrichment the recovered populations was analyzed by flow cytometry to test for binding against the antigens in decreasing concentration of antigen and in the absence of the antigen to check for non-specific binding to secondary reagents (FIG. 34). Results show that the library can successfully yield high affinity binders to all antigens tested.

Example 12: Affinity Determination of Selected Antibodies

Affinity determination of antibodies selected from the naïve library using the phage+yeast display protocol described in Example 11, was performed following the approaches described herein. Binding affinity of the antibody variants thus obtained to various targets (e.g., GM-CSF, IFN-α 2A and IL-6) was examined using a Carterra LSA machine. Briefly, supernatants from yeast expressing scFv-Fc fusions from selections against GM-CSF, IFN-α 2A and IL-6 were immobilized on a Carterra LSA HC200M chip with anti-human Fc. The chips were activated with 1:1:1 100 mM MES pH 5.5, 100 mM S-NHS, 400 mM EDC (all reconstituted in MES 5.5), and 100 μL of each were mixed in a vial immediately before running the assay. The polyclonal goat anti-human IgG was immobilized for 10-minute at 50 μg/mL followed by 7-minute deactivation with 1 M Ethanolamine pH 8.5.

The scFv-Fc supernatants were diluted two or three fold into HBSTE buffer and cycled for 12 minutes across the anti-Fc surface. Antigens were tested in a three-fold dilution series starting at 6 nM for IFN-2A and 167 nM for IL-6/GM-SCF. The antigen samples were tested from lowest to highest concentration. FIG. 37.

Data was processed using a floated Rmax parameter for the IFN-2A and GM-SCF clones that did not dissociate fully between binding cycles; some of the data were also fit using a bulk shift parameter.

As shown in FIGS. 38A-38C, the affinities of antibodies selected directly from the library, constructed as described in Examples 1-10, are shown to be extremely potent, with many subnanomolar antibodies having been selected.

Antibodies to additional targets, including PDGF, TGFBR2, and TGFBR3, were explored using this approach and similar results were observed. FIG. 39.

Example 13: Antibody Maturation

To select an optimized VL and VH pair and assemble the CDRs into a mature antibody, the following approach can be used. First, the VH is kept in unmodified form while the VLs in the LCDR libraries are shuffled. The remaining functional VLs are assembled with the unmodified VH and the formed antibodies are tested for functionality (FIG. 35). Likewise, the VL is kept unmodified and the VHs comprising synthetic HCDR1/2 and natural HCDR3 in the VH library is shuffled. Each of the remaining functional VH can be assembled with the unmodified VH and the newly formed antibodies are tested for their functions (FIG. 36).

Other Embodiments

All of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined in any combination. Each feature disclosed in this specification may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same, equivalent, or similar purpose. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.

From the above description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Thus, other embodiments are also within the claims.

EQUIVALENTS

While several inventive embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive embodiments described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific inventive embodiments described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure.

All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.

All references, patents and patent applications disclosed herein are incorporated by reference with respect to the subject matter for which each is cited, which in some cases may encompass the entirety of the document.

The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.”

The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “only one of,” or “exactly one of.” “Consisting essentially of,” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.

It should also be understood that, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, in any methods claimed herein that include more than one step or act, the order of the steps or acts of the method is not necessarily limited to the order in which the steps or acts of the method are recited. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for producing an antibody library, comprising: providing (a) a first plurality of nucleic acids encoding a population of naturally-occurring antibody heavy chain complementary determining region 1 (CDR1) fragments, and/or (b) a second plurality of nucleic acids encoding a population of naturally-occurring antibody heavy chain complementary determining region 2 (CDR2) fragments; and inserting the first plurality of nucleic acids and/or the second plurality of nucleic acids into the CDR1 region and/or the CDR2 region, respectively, of an antibody heavy chain variable domain gene, thereby producing an antibody library.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody library comprises members, in each of which the heavy chain CDR1 and heavy chain CDR2 are not from the same naturally-occurring antibody.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein at least 50% of the members in the antibody library contain heavy chain CDR1 and heavy chain CDR2 that are not from the same naturally-occurring antibody.
 4. The method of any one of claims 1-3, further comprising providing a third plurality of nucleic acids encoding a population of naturally-occurring heavy chain complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) fragments, and inserting the third plurality of nucleic acids into the CDR3 region of the heavy chain variable region gene.
 5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the antibody library comprises members, each of which comprises a heavy chain CDR1, a heavy chain CDR2, and a heavy chain CDR3 that are not from the same naturally-occurring antibody.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein at least 50% of the members in the antibody library contain heavy chain CDR1, heavy chain CDR2, and/or heavy chain CDR3 that are not from the same naturally-occurring antibody.
 7. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the population of antibody heavy chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody heavy chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising one or more of: (i) a glycosylation site, (ii) a deamidation site, (iii) an isomerization site, (iv) unpaired cysteine, (v) net charge greater than 1, (vi) a tripeptide motif containing at least two aromatic residues, (vii) a motif that promotes aggregation, (viii) a polyspecificity site; (ix) a protease sensitive site, (x) an integrin binding site, (xi) a lysine glycation site, (xii) a metal catalyzed fragmentation site, (xiii) a polyspecificity aggregation site; and (xiv) a streptavidin binding motif.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the glycosylation site of (i) comprises the motif NXS, NXT, or NXC, in which X represents any naturally-occurring amino acid residue except for proline.
 9. The method of claim 7 or claim 8, wherein the deamidation site of (ii) comprises the motif of NG, NS, NT, NN, NA, NH, ND, GNF, GNY, GNT, or GNG.
 10. The method of any one of claims 7-9, wherein the isomerization site of (iii) comprises the motif of DT, DH, DS, DG, or DD.
 11. The method of any one of claims 7-10, wherein the tripeptide of (vi) is HYF or HWH.
 12. The method of any one of claims 7-11, wherein the motif that promotes aggregation of (vii) comprises the motif of FHW.
 13. The method of any one of claims 7-12, wherein the polyspecificity site of (viii) comprises the motif GG, GGG, RR, VG, W, WV, WW, WWW, YY, or WXW, in which X represents any amino acid residue.
 14. The method of any one of claims 7-13, wherein the protease cleavage site of (ix) comprises the motif of DX, in which X is P, G, S, V, Y, F, Q, K, L, or D.
 15. The method of any one of claims 7-14, wherein the integrin binding site of (x) comprises RGD, RYD, LDV, or KGD.
 16. The method of any one of claims 7-15, wherein the lysine glycation site of (xi) comprises KE, EK, or ED.
 17. The method of any one of claims 7-16, wherein the metal catalyzed fragmentation site of (xii) comprises the motif of HS, SH, KT, HXS, or SXH, in which X represents any amino acid residue.
 18. The method of any one of claims 7-17, wherein the polyspecificity aggregation site of (xiii) comprises a motif of X₁X₂X₃, wherein each of X₁, X₂, and X₃ independently is selected from the group consisting of F, I, L, V, W and Y.
 19. The method of any one of claims 7-18, wherein the streptavidin binding motif of (xiv) comprises the motif HPQ, EPDW (SEQ ID NO: 117), PWXWL (SEQ ID NO: 118), in which X represents any amino acid residue, GDWVFI (SEQ ID NO: 119), or PWPWLG (SEQ ID NO: 120).
 20. The method of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the population of antibody heavy chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody heavy chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising at least two of (i)-(xiv).
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the population of antibody heavy chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody heavy chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising (i)-(ix).
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the population of antibody heavy chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody heavy chain CDR3 fragment is further free of members comprising one or more of (x)-(xiv).
 23. The method of any one of claims 7-22, wherein the first plurality of nucleic acid is produced by a process comprising: (a) obtaining amino acid sequences of the heavy chain CDR1 regions of a population of naturally-occurring antibodies, (b) excluding from (a) the heavy chain CDR1 amino acid sequences that comprise one or more of (i) to (xiv) to obtain liability-free heavy chain CDR1 sequences, and (c) synthesizing the first plurality of nucleic acids that encode the liability-free heavy chain CDR1 regions.
 24. The method of any one of claims 1-23, wherein the second plurality of nucleic acid is produced by a process comprising: (a) obtaining amino acid sequences of the heavy chain CDR2 regions of a population of naturally-occurring antibodies, (b) excluding from (a) the heavy chain CDR2 amino acid sequences that comprise one or more of (i) to (xiv) to obtain liability-free heavy chain CDR2 sequences, and (c) synthesizing the second plurality of nucleic acids that encode the liability-free heavy chain CDR2 regions.
 25. The method of any one of claims 3-24, wherein the third plurality of nucleic acids is produced by a process comprising: (a) obtaining amino acid sequences of the heavy chain CDR3 regions of a population of naturally-occurring antibodies, (b) excluding from (a) the heavy chain CDR3 amino acid sequences that comprise one or more of (i) to (xiv) to obtain liability-free heavy chain CDR3 sequences, and (c) synthesizing the second plurality of nucleic acids that encode the liability-free heavy chain CDR3 regions.
 26. The method of claims 20-25, wherein the process for producing the first, second, and/or third plurality of nucleic acids further comprises, after step (c), isolating functional members from the liability-free heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the functional members of the liability-free heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 are isolated by expressing antibodies comprising the liability-free heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions in host cells in a manner that the antibodies are displayed on surface of the host cells, isolating the antibodies that display on the host cells, and identifying the CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions in the displayed antibodies, which are functional members of the liability-free heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the isolated antibodies that display on the host cells show reduced binding to polyspecificity reagents.
 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the functional members of the liability-free heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 are isolated by expressing antibodies comprising the liability-free heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions in fusion with a folding reporter, which optionally is 13 lactamase or green fluorescent protein, or fragments thereof, to obtain members with improved folding.
 30. The method of any one of claims 4-29, wherein the population of human antibody heavy chain CDR3 fragments is derived from B cells.
 31. The method of any one of claims 1-30, wherein the antibody heavy chain variable region gene is a human heavy chain variable region gene, which optionally is selected from the group consisting of VH1-24, VH2-70, VH3-7, VH4-30-4, VH5-51, VH1-18, VH1-69, VH3-23, VH5-10-1, VH3-9, and VH3-11.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the human antibody heavy chain variable region gene is derived from a therapeutic antibody selected from the group consisting of abrilumab, mepolizumab, crenezumab, necitumumab, anifrolumab, and evoculumab.
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the human antibody heavy chain variable region gene is derived from a therapeutic antibody selected from the group consisting of abituzumab, adalimumab, alemtuzumab, alirocumab, bapineuzumab, benralizumab, brodalumab, canakinumab, certolizumab, clazakizumab, dacetuzumab, daclizumab, daratumumab, eculizumab, efalizumab, elotuzumab, epratuzumab, farletuzumab, fasinumab, ficlatuzumab, fletikumab, fresolimumab, fulranumab, gevokizumab, ibalizumab, lintuzumab, matuzumab, mavrilimumab, mogamulizumab, motavizumab, natalizumab, nivolumab, obinutuzumab, ofatumumab, olokizumab, omalizumab, onartuzumab, otelixizumab, otlertuzumab, palivizumab, panitumumab, panobacumab, pertuzumab, pinatuzumab, polatuzumab, radretumab, ramucirumab, reslizumab, romosozumab, sarilumab, secukinumab, sifalimumab, tabalumab, tigatuzumab, tildrakizumab, tocilizumab, tovetumab, trastuzumab, vedolizumab, veltuzumab, zalutumumab, and zanolimumab.
 34. The method of any one of claims 1-33, wherein the method further comprises: providing a fourth plurality of nucleic acids encoding a population of naturally-occurring antibody light chain complementary determining region 1 (CDR1) fragments, a fifth plurality of nucleic acids encoding a population of naturally-occurring antibody light chain complementary determining region 2 (CDR2) fragments, and/or a sixth plurality of nucleic acids encoding a population of naturally-occurring antibody light chain complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) fragments, and inserting the fourth plurality of nucleic acids, the fifth plurality of nucleic acids, and/or the sixth plurality of nucleic acids into the CDR1 region, the CDR2 region, and the CDR3 region, respectively, of an antibody light chain variable domain gene.
 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the population of naturally-occurring antibody light chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody light chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody light chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising one or more of: (i) a glycosylation site, (ii) a deamidation site, (iii) an isomerization site, (iv) unpaired cysteine, (v) net charge greater than 1, (vi) a tripeptide motif containing at least two aromatic residues, (vii) a motif that promotes aggregation, (viii) a polyspecificity site; (ix) a protease sensitive site, (x) an integrin binding site, (xi) a lysine glycation site, (xii) a metal catalyzed fragmentation site, (xiii) a polyspecificity aggregation site; and/or (xiv) a streptavidin binding motif.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the glycosylation site of (i) comprises the motif NXS, NXT, or NXC, in which X represents any naturally-occurring amino acid residue except for proline.
 37. The method of claim 35 or claim 36, wherein the deamidation site of (ii) comprises the motif of NG, NS, NT, NN, NA, NH, ND, GNF, GNY, GNT, or GNG.
 38. The method of any one of claims 35-37, wherein the isomerization site of (iii) comprises the motif of DT, DH, DS, DG, or DD.
 39. The method of any one of claims 35-38, wherein the tripeptide of (vi) is HYF or HWH.
 40. The method of any one of claims 35-39, wherein the motif that promotes aggregation of (vii) comprises the motif of FHW.
 41. The method of any one of claims 35-40, wherein the polyspecificity site of (viii) comprises the motif GG, GGG, RR, VG, W, WV, WW, WWW, YY, or WXW, in which X represents any amino acid residue.
 42. The method of any one of claims 35-41, wherein the protease cleavage site of (ix) comprises the motif of DX, in which X is P, G, S, V, Y, F, Q, K, L, or D.
 43. The method of any one of claims 35-42, wherein the integrin binding site of (x) comprises RGD, RYD, LDV, or KGD.
 44. The method of any one of claims 35-43, wherein the lysine glycation site of (xi) comprises KE, EK, or ED.
 45. The method of any one of claims 35-44, wherein the metal catalyzed fragmentation site of (xii) comprises the motif of HS, SH, KT, HXS, or SXH, in which X represents any amino acid residue.
 46. The method of any one of claims 35-45, wherein the polyspecificity aggregation site of (xiii) comprises a motif of X₁X₂X₃, wherein each of X₁, X₂, and X₃ independently is selected from the group consisting of F, I, L, V, W and Y.
 47. The method of any one of claims 35-46, wherein the streptavidin binding motif of (xiv) comprises the motif HPQ, EPDW (SEQ ID NO: 117), PWXWL (SEQ ID NO: 118), in which X represents any amino acid residue, GDWVFI (SEQ ID NO: 119), or PWPWLG (SEQ ID NO: 120).
 48. The method of any one of claims 35-47, wherein the population of antibody light chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody light chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody light chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising at least two of (i)-(xiv).
 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the population of antibody light chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody light chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody light chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising (i)-(ix).
 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the population of antibody light chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody light chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody light chain CDR3 fragment is further free of members comprising one or more of (x)-(xiv).
 51. The method of any one of claims 35-50, wherein the fourth plurality of nucleic acids, the fifth plurality of nucleic acids, and/or the sixth plurality of nucleic acids is produced by a process comprising: (a) obtaining amino acid sequences of the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions of a population of naturally-occurring antibodies, (b) excluding from (a) the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 amino acid sequences that comprise one or more of (i) to (xiv) to obtain liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 sequences, and (c) synthesizing the fourth plurality of nucleic acids, the fifth plurality of the nucleic acids, and/or the sixth plurality of nucleic acids that encode the liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the process for producing the fourth, fifth, and/or sixth plurality of nucleic acids further comprises, after step (c), isolating function members from the liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions.
 53. The method of claim 52, wherein the functional members of the liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 are isolated by expressing antibodies comprising the liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions in host cells in a manner that the antibodies are displayed on surface of the host cells, isolating the antibodies that display on the host cells, and identifying the CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions in the displayed antibodies, which are functional members of the liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions.
 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the functional members show reduced binding to polyspecificity reagents.
 55. The method of claim 54, wherein the functional members of the liability-free heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 are isolated by expressing antibodies comprising the liability-free heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions in fusion with a folding reporter, which optionally is 13 lactamase or green fluorescent protein, or fragments thereof, to obtain members with improved folding.
 56. The method of any one of claims 35-55, wherein the antibody library comprises members, each of which comprises a light chain CDR1, a light chain CDR2, and/or a light chain CDR3 that are not found in the same naturally-occurring antibody.
 57. The method of claim 56, wherein at least 50% of the members in the antibody library comprise light chain CDR1, light chain CDR2, and/or light chain CDR3 that are not found in the same naturally-occurring antibody.
 58. The method of any one of claims 35-57, wherein the antibody light chain variable domain gene is a human antibody light chain variable domain gene, which optionally is selected from the group consisting of K1-12, K4-1, K2D-29, K3-11, K3-20, and L2-14.
 59. The method of claim 58, wherein the human antibody light chain variable region gene is derived from a therapeutic antibody selected from the group consisting of abrilumab, mepolizumab, crenezumab, necitumumab, anifrolumab, and evoculumab.
 60. The method of claim 58, wherein the human antibody light chain variable region gene is derived from a therapeutic antibody selected from the group consisting of abituzumab, adalimumab, alemtuzumab, alirocumab, bapineuzumab, benralizumab, brodalumab, canakinumab, certolizumab, clazakizumab, dacetuzumab, daclizumab, daratumumab, eculizumab, efalizumab, elotuzumab, epratuzumab, farletuzumab, fasinumab, ficlatuzumab, fletikumab, fresolimumab, fulranumab, gevokizumab, ibalizumab, lintuzumab, matuzumab, mavrilimumab, mogamulizumab, motavizumab, natalizumab, nivolumab, obinutuzumab, ofatumumab, olokizumab, omalizumab, onartuzumab, otelixizumab, otlertuzumab, palivizumab, panitumumab, panobacumab, pertuzumab, pinatuzumab, polatuzumab, radretumab, ramucirumab, reslizumab, romosozumab, sarilumab, secukinumab, sifalimumab, tabalumab, tigatuzumab, tildrakizumab, tocilizumab, tovetumab, trastuzumab, vedolizumab, veltuzumab, zalutumumab, and zanolimumab.
 61. The method of any one of claims 1-60, wherein the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 fragments, the heavy chain variable domain gene, and optionally the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 fragments, and the light chain variable domain gene are derived from naturally-occurring antibodies of a mammalian species.
 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the mammalian species is human or camelid.
 63. The method of any one of claims 1-62, wherein the antibody library is a full-length antibody library, a Fab antibody library, a single-chain antibody library, or a single domain antibody library.
 64. The method of any one of claims 1-63, wherein the antibody library is a human antibody library.
 65. The method of any one of claims 1-33, wherein the antibody library is a camelid VHH antibody library.
 66. A method for preparing a human antibody light chain library, the method comprising providing (a) a first plurality of nucleic acids encoding a population of naturally-occurring antibody light chain complementary determining region 1 (CDR1) fragments, (b) a second plurality of nucleic acids encoding a population of naturally-occurring antibody light chain complementary determining region 2 (CDR2) fragments, and/or (c) a third plurality of nucleic acids encoding a population of naturally-occurring antibody light chain complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) fragments, and inserting the first plurality of nucleic acids, the second plurality of nucleic acids, and/or the third plurality of nucleic acids into the CDR1 region, the CDR2 region, and the CDR3 region, respectively, of an antibody light chain variable domain gene, thereby producing the human antibody light chain library.
 67. The method of claim 50, wherein the population of naturally-occurring antibody light chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody light chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody light chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising one or more of: (i) a glycosylation site, (ii) a deamidation site, (iii) an isomerization site, (iv) unpaired cysteine, (v) net charge greater than 1, (vi) a tripeptide motif containing at least two aromatic residues, (vii) a motif that promotes aggregation, (viii) a polyspecificity site; (ix) a protease sensitive site, (x) an integrin binding site, (xi) a lysine glycation site, (xii) a metal catalyzed fragmentation site, (xiii) a polyspecificity aggregation site; and (xiv) a streptavidin binding motif.
 68. The method of claim 67, wherein the glycosylation site of (i) comprises the motif NXS, NXT, or NXC, in which X represents any naturally-occurring amino acid residue except for proline.
 69. The method of claim 67 or claim 68, wherein the deamidation site of (ii) comprises the motif of NG, NS, NT, NN, NA, NH, ND, GNF, GNY, GNT, or GNG.
 70. The method of any one of claims 67-69, wherein the isomerization site of (iii) comprises the motif of DT, DH, DS, DG, or DD.
 71. The method of any one of claims 67-70, wherein the tripeptide of (vi) is HYF or HWH.
 72. The method of any one of claims 67-71, wherein the motif that promotes aggregation of (vii) comprises the motif of FHW.
 73. The method of any one of claims 67-72, wherein the polyspecificity site of (viii) comprises the motif GG, GGG, RR, VG, W, WV, WW, WWW, YY, or WXW, in which X represents any amino acid residue.
 74. The method of any one of claims 67-73, wherein the protease cleavage site of (ix) comprises the motif of DX, in which X is P, G, S, V, Y, F, Q, K, L, or D.
 75. The method of any one of claims 67-74, wherein the integrin binding site of (x) comprises RGD, RYD, LDV, or KGD.
 76. The method of any one of claims 67-74, wherein the lysine glycation site of (xi) comprises KE, EK, or ED.
 77. The method of any one of claims 67-76, wherein the metal catalyzed fragmentation site of (xii) comprises the motif of HS, SH, KT, HXS, or SXH, in which X represents any amino acid residue.
 78. The method of any one of claims 67-77, wherein the polyspecificity aggregation site of (xiii) comprises a motif of X₁X₂X₃, wherein each of X₁, X₂, and X₃ independently is selected from the group consisting of F, I, L, V, W and Y.
 79. The method of any one of claims 67-78, wherein the streptavidin binding motif of (xiv) comprises the motif HPQ, EPDW (SEQ ID NO: 117), PWXWL (SEQ ID NO: 118), in which X represents any amino acid residue, GDWVFI (SEQ ID NO: 119), or PWPWLG (SEQ ID NO: 120).
 80. The method of any one of claims 67-79, wherein the population of antibody light chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody light chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody light chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising at least two of (i)-(xiv).
 81. The method of claim 80, wherein the population of antibody light chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody light chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody light chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising (i)-(ix).
 82. The method of claim 81, wherein the population of antibody light chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody light chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody light chain CDR3 fragment is further free of members comprising one or more of (x)-(xiv).
 83. The method of any one of claims 66-82, wherein the first plurality of nucleic acids, the second plurality of nucleic acids, and/or the third plurality of nucleic acids is produced by a process comprising: (a) obtaining amino acid sequences of the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions of a population of naturally-occurring antibodies, (b) excluding from (a) the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 amino acid sequences that comprise one or more of (i) to (xiv) to obtain liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 sequences, and (c) synthesizing the first plurality of nucleic acids, the second plurality of the nucleic acids, and/or the third plurality of nucleic acids that encode the liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions.
 84. The method of claim 83, wherein the process for producing the first, second, and/or third plurality of nucleic acids further comprises, after step (c), isolating functional members from the liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions.
 85. The method of claim 84, wherein the functional members of the liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 are isolated by expressing antibodies comprising the liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions in host cells in a manner that the antibodies are displayed on surface of the host cells, isolating the antibodies that display on the host cells, and identifying the CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions in the displayed antibodies, which are functional members of the liability-free light chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions.
 86. The method of claim 85, wherein the functional members show reduced binding to polyspecificity reagents.
 87. The method of claim 65, wherein the functional members of the liability-free heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 are isolated by expressing antibodies comprising the liability-free heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and/or CDR3 regions in fusion with a folding reporter, which optionally is 13 lactamase or green fluorescent protein, or fragments thereof, to obtain members with improved folding.
 88. The method of any one of claims 66-87, wherein the antibody library comprises members each of which comprises a light chain CDR1, a light chain CDR2, and/or a light chain CDR3 that are not found in the same naturally-occurring antibody.
 89. The method of claim 88, wherein at least 50% of the members in the antibody library comprise light chain CDR1, light chain CDR2, and/or light chain CDR3 that are not found in the same naturally-occurring antibody.
 90. The method of any one of claims 66-89, wherein the antibody light chain variable domain gene is a human antibody light chain variable domain, which optionally is selected from the group consisting of K1-12, K4-1, K2D-29, K3-11, K3-20, and L2-14.
 91. The method of claim 90, wherein the human antibody light chain variable region gene is derived from a therapeutic antibody selected from the group consisting of abrilumab, mepolizumab, crenezumab, necitumumab, anifrolumab, and evoculumab.
 92. The method of claim 90, wherein the human antibody light chain variable region gene is derived from a therapeutic antibody selected from the group consisting of abituzumab, adalimumab, alemtuzumab, alirocumab, bapineuzumab, benralizumab, brodalumab, canakinumab, certolizumab, clazakizumab, dacetuzumab, daclizumab, daratumumab, eculizumab, efalizumab, elotuzumab, epratuzumab, farletuzumab, fasinumab, ficlatuzumab, fletikumab, fresolimumab, fulranumab, gevokizumab, ibalizumab, lintuzumab, matuzumab, mavrilimumab, mogamulizumab, motavizumab, natalizumab, nivolumab, obinutuzumab, ofatumumab, olokizumab, omalizumab, onartuzumab, otelixizumab, otlertuzumab, palivizumab, panitumumab, panobacumab, pertuzumab, pinatuzumab, polatuzumab, radretumab, ramucirumab, reslizumab, romosozumab, sarilumab, secukinumab, sifalimumab, tabalumab, tigatuzumab, tildrakizumab, tocilizumab, tovetumab, trastuzumab, vedolizumab, veltuzumab, zalutumumab, and zanolimumab.
 93. The method of any one of claims 66-92, wherein the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 fragments are derived from naturally-occurring antibodies of a mammalian species.
 94. The method of claim 93, wherein the mammalian species is human.
 95. An antibody library, which is prepared by a method of any one of claims 1-94.
 96. An antibody library, comprising a first plurality of nucleic acids or a plurality of genetic packages comprising the nucleic acids, wherein the first plurality of nucleic acids encode a population of antibody heavy chain variable domains, which collectively comprise a population of heavy chain CDR1s, a population of heavy chain CDR2s, and/or a population of heavy chain CDR3s located at the CDR1 region, the CDR2 region, and the CDR3 region of a common antibody heavy chain variable domain gene, wherein the heavy chain CDR1s, the heavy chain CDR2s, the heavy chain CDR3s, and optionally the common antibody chain variable domain gene are derived from naturally-occurring antibodies of the same mammal species.
 97. The antibody library of claim 96, wherein the population of heavy chain CDR1s, the population of heavy chain CDR2s, and/or the population of heavy chain CDR3s is free of members comprising one or more of: (i) a glycosylation site, (ii) a deamidation site, (iii) an isomerization site, (iv) unpaired cysteine, (v) net charge greater than 1, (vi) a tripeptide motif containing at least two aromatic residues, (vii) a motif that promotes aggregation, (viii) a polyspecificity site; (ix) a protease sensitive site, (x) an integrin binding site, (xi) a lysine glycation site, (xii) a metal catalyzed fragmentation site, (xiii) a polyspecificity aggregation site; and (xiv) a streptavidin binding motif.
 98. The antibody library of claim 97, wherein the glycosylation site of (i) comprises the motif NXS, NXT, or NXC, in which X represents any naturally-occurring amino acid residue except for proline.
 99. The antibody library of claim 97 or claim 98, wherein the deamidation site of (ii) comprises the motif of NG, NS, NT, NN, NA, NH, ND, GNF, GNY, GNT, or GNG.
 100. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-99, wherein the isomerization site of (iii) comprises the motif of DT, DH, DS, DG, or DD.
 101. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-100, wherein the tripeptide of (vi) is HYF or HWH.
 102. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-101, wherein the motif that promotes aggregation of (vii) comprises the motif of FHW.
 103. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-102, wherein the polyspecificity site of (viii) comprises the motif GG, GGG, RR, VG, W, WV, WW, WWW, YY, or WXW, in which X represents any amino acid residue.
 104. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-103, wherein the protease cleavage site of (ix) comprises the motif of DX, in which X is P, G, S, V, Y, F, Q, K, L, or D.
 105. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-104, wherein the integrin binding site of (x) comprises RGD, RYD, LDV, or KGD.
 106. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-105, wherein the lysine glycation site of (xi) comprises KE, EK, or ED.
 107. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-106, wherein the metal catalyzed fragmentation site of (xii) comprises the motif of HS, SH, KT, HXS, or SXH, in which X represents any amino acid residue.
 108. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-107, wherein the polyspecificity aggregation site of (xiii) comprises a motif of X₁X₂X₃, wherein each of X₁, X₂, and X₃ independently is selected from the group consisting of F, I, L, V, W and Y.
 109. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-108, wherein the streptavidin binding motif of (xiv) comprises the motif HPQ, EPDW (SEQ ID NO: 117), PWXWL (SEQ ID NO: 118), in which X represents any amino acid residue, GDWVFI (SEQ ID NO: 119), or PWPWLG (SEQ ID NO: 120).
 110. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-19, wherein the population of antibody heavy chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody heavy chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising at least two of (i)-(xiv).
 111. The antibody library of claim 110, wherein the population of antibody heavy chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody heavy chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising (i)-(ix).
 112. The antibody library of claim 111, wherein the population of antibody heavy chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody heavy chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody heavy chain CDR3 fragment is further free of members comprising one or more of (x)-(xiv).
 113. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-112, wherein the population of heavy chain CDR1s, the population of heavy chain CDR2s, and/or the population of heavy chain CDR3s is further substantially free of non-functional members.
 114. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-113, wherein the population of heavy chain CDR1s and/or the population of heavy chain CDR2s is free of members comprising one or more of (i)-(xiv) and the population of heavy chain CDR3s is derived from naturally-occurring antibodies without removal of liabilities.
 115. The antibody library of claim 114, wherein the population of heavy chain CDR3s is derived from human B cells.
 116. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-115, which comprises members having heavy chain CDR1, heavy chain CDR2, and/or heavy chain CDR3 that are not from the same naturally-occurring antibody.
 117. The antibody library of claim 116, wherein at least 50% of the members in the antibody library have heavy chain CDR1, heavy chain CDR2, and/or heavy chain CDR3 that are not from the same naturally-occurring antibody.
 118. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-117, wherein the antibody heavy chain variable region gene is a human antibody heavy chain variable region gene, which optionally is selected from the group consisting of VH1-24, VH2-70, VH3-7, VH4-30-4, VH5-51, VH1-18-VH1-69, VH3-23, VH5-10-1, VH3-9, and VH3-11.
 119. The antibody library of claim 118, wherein the human antibody heavy chain variable region gene is derived from a therapeutic antibody selected from the group consisting of abrilumab, mepolizumab, crenezumab, necitumumab, anifrolumab, and evoculumab.
 120. The antibody library of claim 118, wherein the human antibody heavy chain variable region gene is derived from a therapeutic antibody selected from the group consisting of abituzumab, adalimumab, alemtuzumab, alirocumab, bapineuzumab, benralizumab, brodalumab, canakinumab, certolizumab, clazakizumab, dacetuzumab, daclizumab, daratumumab, eculizumab, efalizumab, elotuzumab, epratuzumab, farletuzumab, fasinumab, ficlatuzumab, fletikumab, fresolimumab, fulranumab, gevokizumab, ibalizumab, lintuzumab, matuzumab, mavrilimumab, mogamulizumab, motavizumab, natalizumab, nivolumab, obinutuzumab, ofatumumab, olokizumab, omalizumab, onartuzumab, otelixizumab, otlertuzumab, palivizumab, panitumumab, panobacumab, pertuzumab, pinatuzumab, polatuzumab, radretumab, ramucirumab, reslizumab, romosozumab, sarilumab, secukinumab, sifalimumab, tabalumab, tigatuzumab, tildrakizumab, tocilizumab, tovetumab, trastuzumab, vedolizumab, veltuzumab, zalutumumab, and zanolimumab.
 121. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-120, further comprising a nucleic acid encoding a common light chain variable domain.
 122. The antibody library of claim 121, wherein the common light chain variable domain is VK3-20.
 123. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-120, further comprising a second plurality of nucleic acids encoding a population of antibody light chain variable domains, which collectively comprise a population of light chain CDR1s, a population of light chain CDR2s, and a population of light chain CDR3s located at the CDR1 region, the CDR2 region, and the CDR3 region of a common antibody light chain variable domain gene, wherein the light chain CDR1s, CDR2s, CDR3s, and optionally the common antibody light chain domain gene are derived from naturally-occurring antibody of the same mammal species.
 124. The antibody library of claim 123, wherein the population of light chain CDR1s, the population of light chain CDR2s, and/or the population of light chain CDR3s is free of members comprising one or more of: (i) a glycosylation site, (ii) a deamidation site, (iii) an isomerization site, (iv) unpaired cysteine, (v) net charge greater than 1, (vi) a tripeptide motif containing at least two aromatic residues, (vii) a motif that promotes aggregation, (viii) a polyspecificity site; (ix) a protease sensitive site, (x) an integrin binding site, (xi) a lysine glycation site, (xii) a metal catalyzed fragmentation site, (xiii) a polyspecificity aggregation site; and (xiv) a streptavidin binding motif.
 125. The antibody library of claim 124, wherein the glycosylation site of (i) comprises the motif NXS, NXT, or NXC, in which X represents any naturally-occurring amino acid residue except for proline.
 126. The antibody library of claim 124 or claim 125, wherein the deamidation site of (ii) comprises the motif of NG, NS, NT, NN, NA, NH, ND, GNF, GNY, GNT, or GNG.
 127. The antibody library of any one of claims 124-126, wherein the isomerization site of (iii) comprises the motif of DT, DH, DS, DG, or DD.
 128. The antibody library of any one of claims 124-127, wherein the tripeptide of (vi) is HYF or HWH.
 129. The antibody library of any one of claims 124-128, wherein the motif that promotes aggregation of (vii) comprises the motif of FHW.
 130. The antibody library of any one of claims 124-129, wherein the protease sensitive site of (viii) comprises the motif GG, GGG, RR, VG, W, WV, WW, WWW, YY, or WXW, in which X represents any amino acid residue.
 131. The antibody library of any one of claims 124-130, wherein the protease cleavage site of (ix) comprises the motif of DX, in which X is P, G, S, V, Y, F, Q, K, L, or D.
 132. The antibody library of any one of claims 124-131, wherein the integrin binding site of (x) comprises RGD, RYD, LDV, or KGD.
 133. The antibody library of any one of claims 124-132, wherein the lysine glycation site of (xi) comprises KE, EK, or ED.
 134. The antibody library of any one of claims 124-133, wherein the metal catalyzed fragmentation site of (xii) comprises the motif of HS, SH, KT, HXS, or SXH, in which X represents any amino acid residue.
 135. The antibody library of any one of claims 124-134, wherein the polyspecificity aggregation site of (xiii) comprises a motif of X₁X₂X₃, wherein each of X₁, X₂, and X₃ independently is selected from the group consisting of F, I, L, V, W and Y.
 136. The antibody library of any one of claims 124-135, wherein the streptavidin binding motif of (xiv) comprises the motif HPQ, EPDW (SEQ ID NO: 117), PWXWL (SEQ ID NO: 118), in which X represents any amino acid residue, GDWVFI (SEQ ID NO: 119), or PWPWLG (SEQ ID NO: 120).
 137. The antibody library of any one of claims 124-136, wherein the population of antibody light chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody light chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody light chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising at least two of (i)-(xiv).
 138. The method of claim 137, wherein the population of antibody light chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody light chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody light chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising (i)-(ix).
 139. The antibody library of claim 138, wherein the population of antibody light chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody light chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody light chain CDR3 fragment is further free of members comprising one or more of (x)-(xiv).
 140. The antibody library of any one of claims 123-139, which comprises members having light chain CDR1, light chain CDR2, and/or light chain CDR3 that are not from the same naturally-occurring antibody.
 141. The antibody library of claim 140, wherein at least 50% of the members in the antibody library have light chain CDR1, light chain CDR2, and/or light chain CDR3 that are not from the same naturally-occurring antibody.
 142. The antibody library of any one of claims 123-141, wherein the antibody light chain variable domain gene is a human light chain variable gene, which optionally is selected from the group consisting of K1-12, K4-1, K2D-29, K3-11, K3-20, and L2-14.
 143. The antibody library of claim 142, wherein the human antibody light chain variable region gene is derived from a therapeutic antibody selected from the group consisting of abrilumab, mepolizumab, crenezumab, necitumumab, anifrolumab, and evoculumab.
 144. The antibody library of claim 142, wherein the human antibody heavy chain variable region gene is derived from a therapeutic antibody selected from the group consisting of abituzumab, adalimumab, alemtuzumab, alirocumab, bapineuzumab, benralizumab, brodalumab, canakinumab, certolizumab, clazakizumab, dacetuzumab, daclizumab, daratumumab, eculizumab, efalizumab, elotuzumab, epratuzumab, farletuzumab, fasinumab, ficlatuzumab, fletikumab, fresolimumab, fulranumab, gevokizumab, ibalizumab, lintuzumab, matuzumab, mavrilimumab, mogamulizumab, motavizumab, natalizumab, nivolumab, obinutuzumab, ofatumumab, olokizumab, omalizumab, onartuzumab, otelixizumab, otlertuzumab, palivizumab, panitumumab, panobacumab, pertuzumab, pinatuzumab, polatuzumab, radretumab, ramucirumab, reslizumab, romosozumab, sarilumab, secukinumab, sifalimumab, tabalumab, tigatuzumab, tildrakizumab, tocilizumab, tovetumab, trastuzumab, vedolizumab, veltuzumab, zalutumumab, and zanolimumab.
 145. The antibody library of any one of claims 96-144, wherein the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 fragments, the heavy chain variable domain gene, the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 fragments, and the light chain variable domain gene are derived from naturally-occurring antibodies of a mammalian species.
 146. The antibody library of claim 145, wherein the mammalian species is human or camelid.
 147. The antibody library of any one of claims 96-146, wherein the antibody library is a full-length antibody library, a Fab antibody library, a single-chain antibody library, or a single domain antibody library.
 148. The antibody library of any one of claims 96-147, wherein the antibody library is a human antibody library.
 149. The antibody library of any one of claims 97-120, wherein the antibody library is a camelid VHH antibody library.
 150. An antibody light chain library, comprising a plurality of nucleic acids or a plurality of genetic packages comprising the nucleic acids, wherein the plurality of nucleic acids encode a population of antibody light chain variable domains, which collectively comprise a population of light chain CDR1s, a population of light chain CDR2s, and/or a population of light chain CDR3s inserted at the CDR1 region, the CDR2 region, and the CDR3 region of a common antibody light chain variable domain gene, wherein the light chain CDR1s, CDR2s, and CDR3s, and optionally the common antibody light chain variable domain gene are derived from naturally-occurring antibodies of the same mammal species.
 151. The antibody library of claim 150, wherein the population of light chain CDR1s, the population of light chain CDR2s, and/or the population of light chain CDR3s is free of members comprising one or more of: (i) a glycosylation site, (ii) a deamidation site, (iii) an isomerization site, (iv) unpaired cysteine, (v) net charge greater than 1, (vi) a tripeptide motif containing at least two aromatic residues, (vii) a motif that promotes aggregation, (viii) a polyspecificity site; (ix) a protease sensitive site, (x) an integrin binding site, (xi) a lysine glycation site, (xii) a metal catalyzed fragmentation site, (xiii) a polyspecificity aggregation site; and (xiv) a streptavidin binding motif.
 152. The antibody library of claim 151, wherein the glycosylation site of (i) comprises the motif NXS, NXT, or NXC, in which X represents any naturally-occurring amino acid residue except for proline.
 153. The antibody library of claim 151 or claim 152, wherein the deamidation site of (ii) comprises the motif of NG, NS, NT, NN, NA, NH, ND, GNF, GNY, GNT, or GNG.
 154. The antibody library of any one of claims 151-153, wherein the isomerization site of (iii) comprises the motif of DT, DH, DS, DG, or DD.
 155. The antibody library of any one of claims 151-154, wherein the tripeptide of (vi) is HYF or HWH.
 156. The antibody library of any one of claims 151-155, wherein the motif that promotes aggregation of (vii) comprises the motif of FHW.
 157. The antibody library of any one of claims 151-156, wherein the polyspecificity site of (viii) comprises the motif GG, GGG, RR, VG, W, WV, WW, WWW, YY, or WXW, in which X represents any amino acid residue.
 158. The antibody library of any one of claims 151-157, wherein the protease cleavage site of (ix) comprises the motif of DX, in which X is P, G, S, V, Y, F, Q, K, L, or D.
 159. The antibody library of any one of claims 151-158, wherein the integrin binding site of (x) comprises RGD, RYD, LDV, or KGD.
 160. The antibody library of any one of claims 151-159, wherein the lysine glycation site of (xi) comprises KE, EK, or ED.
 161. The antibody library of any one of claims 151-160, wherein the metal catalyzed fragmentation site of (xii) comprises the motif of HS, SH, KT, HXS, or SXH, in which X represents any amino acid residue.
 162. The antibody library of any one of claims 151-161, wherein the polyspecificity aggregation site of (xiii) comprises a motif of X₁X₂X₃, wherein each of X₁, X₂, and X₃ independently is selected from the group consisting of F, I, L, V, W and Y.
 163. The antibody library of any one of claims 151-162, wherein the streptavidin binding motif of (xiv) comprises the motif HPQ, EPDW (SEQ ID NO: 117), PWXWL (SEQ ID NO: 118), in which X represents any amino acid residue, GDWVFI (SEQ ID NO: 119), or PWPWLG (SEQ ID NO: 120).
 164. The antibody library of any one of claims 151-163, wherein the population of antibody light chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody light chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody light chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising at least two of (i)-(xiv).
 165. The method of claim 164, wherein the population of antibody light chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody light chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody light chain CDR3 fragments is free of members comprising (i)-(ix).
 166. The antibody library of claim 165, wherein the population of antibody light chain CDR1 fragments, the population of antibody light chain CDR2 fragments, and/or the population of antibody light chain CDR3 fragment is further free of members comprising one or more of (x)-(xiv).
 167. The antibody library of any one of claims 150-166, which comprises members having light chain CDR1, light chain CDR2, and/or light chain CDR3 that are not from the same naturally-occurring antibody.
 168. The antibody library of claim 167, wherein at least 50% of the members in the antibody library have light chain CDR1, light chain CDR2, and/or light chain CDR3 that are not from the same naturally-occurring antibody.
 169. The antibody library of any one of claims 150-168, wherein the antibody light chain variable domain gene is a human antibody light chain variable domain gene, which optionally is selected from the group consisting of K1-12, K4-1, K2D-29, K3-11, K3-20, and L2-14.
 170. The antibody library of claim 169, wherein the human antibody light chain variable region gene is derived from a therapeutic antibody selected from the group consisting of abrilumab, mepolizumab, crenezumab, necitumumab, anifrolumab, and evoculumab.
 171. The antibody library of claim 169, wherein the human antibody light chain variable region gene is derived from a therapeutic antibody selected from the group consisting of abituzumab, adalimumab, alemtuzumab, alirocumab, bapineuzumab, benralizumab, brodalumab, canakinumab, certolizumab, clazakizumab, dacetuzumab, daclizumab, daratumumab, eculizumab, efalizumab, elotuzumab, epratuzumab, farletuzumab, fasinumab, ficlatuzumab, fletikumab, fresolimumab, fulranumab, gevokizumab, ibalizumab, lintuzumab, matuzumab, mavrilimumab, mogamulizumab, motavizumab, natalizumab, nivolumab, obinutuzumab, ofatumumab, olokizumab, omalizumab, onartuzumab, otelixizumab, otlertuzumab, palivizumab, panitumumab, panobacumab, pertuzumab, pinatuzumab, polatuzumab, radretumab, ramucirumab, reslizumab, romosozumab, sarilumab, secukinumab, sifalimumab, tabalumab, tigatuzumab, tildrakizumab, tocilizumab, tovetumab, trastuzumab, vedolizumab, veltuzumab, zalutumumab, and zanolimumab.
 172. The antibody library of any one of claims 150-171, wherein the mammalian species is human. 